Handbook of Industrial Crystallization

Solutions and Solution Properties; Introduction and Motivation; Units; Solubility and Inorganics; Solubility of Organics; Supersaturation and Metastability; Solution Properties; Thermal Properties; Crystals, Crystal Growth, and Nucleation; Crystals; Nucleation; Crystal Growth; The Influence of Impurities and Solvents on Crystallization; Introduction; Factors Determining Crystal Shape; Influence of Solvents on Volume and Surface Diffusion Steps; Structure of the Crystalline Interface; Factors Affecting Impurity Incorporation; Effect of Impurities on Crystal Growth Rate; Some Chemical Aspects of Solvent and Impurity Interactions; Tailor-Made Additives; Effect of Solvents on Crystal Growth; Analysis and Measurement of Crystallization Utilizing the Population Balance; Particle Size and Distribution; Measurement of Size Distribution; The Mixed Suspension, Mixed Product Removal (MSMPR) Formalism for the Population Balance; Generalized Population Balance; Extension and Violations of the MSMPR Model; Crystallizer Selection and Design; Fundamentals; Selection of a Crystallizer; Equipment Types; Crystallizer Design Procedure; Instrumentation and Control; Crystallizer Costs; Precipitation Processes; Introduction; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties; Nucleation Kinetics; Crystal Growth Kinetics; Other Processes Attributes in Precipitation; Experimental Techniques; Modeling and Control of Crystal Size and CSD; Precipitation in Practice; Melt Crystallization; Definitions; Benefits of Melt Crystallization; Phase Diagrams; Crystallization Kinetics; Solid Layer Crystallization; Suspension Crystallization; Concepts of Existing Plants; The Sweating Step; The Washing Step; Continuous Plants; Crystallizer Mixing: Understanding and Modeling Crystallizer Mixing and Suspension Flow; Introduction; Crystallizer Flows; Distribution of Key Variables in Crystallizers; Crystallizers; Scale-up; Modeling; Control of Crystallization Processes; Introduction; Feedback Controllers; Industrial Crystallizer Control; Advanced Continuous Crystallizer Control; Advanced Batch Crystallizer Control; Batch Crystallization; Introduction; Batch Crystallizers; Batch Crystallization Analysis; Factors Affecting Batch Crystallization; Batch Crystallization Operations; Crystallization in the Pharmaceutical and Bioprocessing Industries; The Role of Crystallization in Bioprocesses; Solubility and the Creation of Supersaturation; Control of Particle Size and Morphology; The Purity of Biochemicals Produced by Crystallization; Applications of Crystallization in the Pharmaceutical Industry; Crystallization of Proteins; Introduction; Protein Chemistry; Variables Affecting Protein Solubility; Nucleation and Growth Mechanisms; Physicochemical Measurements; Traditional Screening Tools; Crystallization in Foods; Controlling Crystallization in Foods; Control to Produce Desired Crystalline Structure; Control to Prevent