Nanocellulose for Sustainable Water and Wastewater Treatments
- 1 Edición - 1 de noviembre de 2026
- Última edición
- Editores: Ahmad Ilyas Rushdan, Athanasia Amanda Septevani, Norfarhana Abdul Samad, Melbi Mahardika, Alain Dufresne
- Idioma: Inglés
Nanocellulose for Sustainable Water and Wastewater Treatments provides a comprehensive overview of the role of nanocellulose in addressing challenges in water and wastewater treatm… Leer más
Descripción
Descripción
The final section focuses on sustainable practices and environmental impacts, thoroughly covering the recycling and reusability of nanocellulose, lifecycle assessments, and future advancements in nanocellulose technologies for water and wastewater treatment. This book is a valuable resource for researchers, scientists, and industry professionals interested in the sustainable use of nanocellulose in water treatment, providing insights into state-of-the-art research and advancements in the field.
Puntos claves
Puntos claves
- Reviews the unique characteristics of nanocellulose, including its mechanical, chemical, and physical properties, which are crucial for effective water treatment applications
- Discusses sustainable aspects of recycling and reuse of nanocellulose materials, highlighting environmentally-friendly practices and contributing to waste reduction in water treatment processes
- Features real-world examples and case studies that demonstrate successful implementations of nanocellulose in various water purification techniques
De interès para
De interès para
Índice
Índice
Part I: Fundamentals of Nanocellulose
Chapter 1: Nanocellulose: Structure–Process–Property Relationships and Sustainable Environmental Applications1.1 Introduction
1.2 Cellulose Structure and Hierarchical Organization
1.2.1 Molecular structure of cellulose (β-1,4-glycosidic linkage)
1.2.2 Supramolecular arrangement: microfibrils and fibrils
1.2.3 Crystalline and amorphous regions of cellulose
1.2.4 Hydrogen bonding network and its role in material properties
1.3 Classification of Nanocellulose
1.3.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
1.3.2 Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF/NFC)
1.3.3 Bacterial nanocellulose
1.4 Sources of Nanocellulose
1.4.1 Wood and nonwood lignocellulosic biomass
1.4.2 Agricultural residues and agroindustrial wastes
1.4.3 Microbial sources for bacterial nanocellulose
1.4.4 Emerging nonwood biomass sources
1.5 Extraction and Production Methods
1.5.1 Mechanical methods (high-pressure homogenization, grinding, microfluidization)
1.5.2 Chemical methods (acid hydrolysis, TEMPO oxidation, alkaline treatment)
1.5.3 Enzymatic pretreatment approaches
1.5.4 Hybrid chemo-mechanical techniques
1.5.5 Emerging green solvents and deep eutectic solvent systems
1.6 Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of Nanocellulose
1.6.1 Morphology, aspect ratio, and surface area
1.6.2 Crystallinity and thermal stability
1.6.3 Mechanical strength and stiffness
1.6.4 Surface chemistry and functional groups
1.6.5 Rheological behavior and colloidal stability
1.7 Surface Functionalization and Modification
1.7.1 Chemical modification techniques
1.7.2 Physical adsorption and surface coating
1.7.3 Grafting and polymer modification
1.7.4 Tailoring hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity
1.8 Characterization Techniques for Nanocellulose
1.8.1 Microscopic analysis (SEM, TEM, AFM)
1.8.2 Spectroscopic analysis (FTIR, X-ray diffraction, NMR)
1.8.3 Thermal analysis (TGA, DSC)
1.8.4 Particle size, zeta potential, and surface charge analysis
1.9 Application Forms of Nanocellulose
1.9.1 Binders/main matrices
1.9.2 Fillers
1.9.3 Carriers
1.9.4 Additives
1.10 Application Forms of Nanocellulose (as listed in source — appears to duplicate 1.9; flagged for author review)
1.10.1 Binders/main matrices
1.10.2 Fillers
1.10.3 Carriers
1.10.4 Additives
1.11 Challenges and Limitations in Nanocellulose Production
1.11.1 Energy consumption and scalability issues
1.11.2 Cost considerations and industrial feasibility
1.11.3 Dispersion challenges in hydrophobic matrices
1.11.4 Standardization and reproducibility concerns
1.12 Future Outlook and Research Directions
1.12.1 Emerging processing technologies
1.12.2 Advanced hybrid materials and multifunctionality
1.12.3 Commercialization trends and industrial adoption
1.13 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cellulose as a Precursor for Nanocellulose
2.2.1 Chemical structure of cellulose
2.2.2 Hierarchical organization of cellulose in natural fibers
2.2.3 Pretreatment of natural fibers
2.3 Classification of Nanocellulose
2.3.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
2.3.2 Cellulose nanofibrils
2.3.3 Bacterial nanocellulose
2.4 Sources of Nanocellulose
2.4.1 Plant-based natural fibers
2.4.2 Agricultural and lignocellulosic biomass
2.5 Structural Characteristics of Nanocellulose
2.6 Intrinsic Properties of Nanocellulose
2.6.1 Mechanical properties
2.6.2 Surface chemistry and functional groups
2.6.3 Hydrophilicity and water interaction
2.6.4 Thermal and chemical stability
2.7 Structure–Property Relationships Relevant to Water and Wastewater Treatment
2.7.1 Adsorption mechanisms
2.7.2 Membrane formation and filtration performance
2.7.3 Flocculation and coagulation
2.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives
2.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Synthesis of Nanocellulose
3.2.1 Mechanical methods
3.2.2 Chemical methods
3.2.3 Enzymatic methods
3.2.4 Biological routes: bacterial nanocellulose
3.2.5 Hybrid and integrated approaches
3.3 Surface Modification of Nanocellulose
3.3.1 Oxidation-based surface modification
3.3.2 Esterification and etherification
3.3.3 Polymer grafting techniques
3.3.4 Silane coupling reactions
3.3.5 Isocyanate-based modification
3.3.6 Noncovalent modification strategies
3.3.7 Structure–property relationships
3.4 Functionalization of Nanocellulose
3.4.1 Chemical functionalization
3.4.2 Physical incorporation and hybrid nanocomposites
3.4.3 Biofunctionalization
3.4.4 Stimuli-responsive functionalization
3.5 Impact of Surface Modification on Nanocellulose Properties
3.5.1 Effect of modification on crystallinity
3.5.2 Effect of modification on toxicity
3.5.3 Effect of modification on aspect ratio
3.5.4 Effect of modification on thermal properties
3.5.5 Effect of modification on rheological properties
3.5.6 Effect of modification on mechanical properties
3.6 Challenges, Future Perspectives, and Conclusions
3.6.1 Key challenges in nanocellulose development
3.6.2 Future perspectives
3.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Water Treatment Processes and Mechanisms Using Nanocellulose Materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Physical Processes
4.3 Chemical Processes
4.3.1 Nanocellulose-based catalytic processes
4.3.2 Nanocellulose-based photocatalytic process
4.3.3 Nanocellulose-based Fenton process
4.4 Biological Processes
4.5 Combined Processes
4.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nanocellulose in Remediation-Based Electrochemical Systems
5.3 Nanocellulose Composites
5.3.1 Nanocellulose as binders for nanocomposites
5.3.2 Nanocellulose as substrates for nanocomposites
5.4 Applications of Nanocellulose-Based Electrochemical Systems in Water Remediation and Monitoring
5.4.1 Anionic pollutants
5.4.2 Hazardous pollutants
5.4.3 Emergent pollutants
5.4.4 Heavy metal
5.4.5 Sensors
5.5 Conclusion
References
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Preparation and Functionalization of Nanocellulose
6.2.1 Chemical pretreatment
6.2.2 Physical pretreatment
6.2.3 Functionalization of nanocellulose for wastewater treatment
6.3 Nanocellulose in Water Filtration
6.3.1 Detection and removal of heavy metal ions
6.3.2 Removal of dyes
6.3.3 Oil/water separation
6.4 Nanocellulose in Desalination
6.4.1 Reverse osmosis
6.4.2 Nanofiltration
6.4.3 Solar radiation-based desalination
6.4.4 Capacitive deionization
6.5 Conclusion
References
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Cellulose as an Engineering Material
7.2.1 Nanocellulose
7.2.2 Nanocellulose/TiO₂ composite design strategies for water treatment
7.3 Challenges and Future Outlook
7.4 Conclusion
References
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Key Characteristics of Nanocellulose for Biosensing Technologies
8.2.1 Types of morphologies and surface area
8.2.2 Hydrophilicity and dispersibility
8.2.3 Mechanical properties and flexibility
8.2.4 Biocompatibility and biodegradability
8.3 Functionalization and Methods for Nanocellulose-Based Sensors
8.3.1 Electrochemical deposition and layering techniques
8.3.2 Chemical surface functionalization
8.3.3 Nanocomposite formation and hybrid material integration
8.3.4 Immobilization of biorecognition elements
8.4 Applications of Nanocellulose for Sensing Contaminants in the Water Environment
8.5 Challenges and Future Directions
8.5.1 Scalability and stability in real-world environments
8.5.2 Integration with IoT and smart monitoring systems
8.5.3 Further directions
References
Chapter 9: Nanocellulose-Based Materials for Industrial Wastewater Treatment
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Regulatory Landscape and Environmental Enforcement in Malaysia
9.3 Nanocellulose: Structure, Types, and Properties
9.4 Synthesis and Functionalization Techniques
9.4.1 Synthesis of nanocellulose
9.4.2 Surface functionalization techniques
9.5 Mechanisms of Pollutant Removal
9.6 Applications in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
9.7 Nanocellulose Membranes and Composites
9.8 Case Studies and Pilot-Scale Demonstrations
9.9 Challenges and Policy Implications
9.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Removal by Cellulose Nanofibril and Cellulose Nanocrystal
10.3 Enhancing Adsorption Capacity Through Nanocellulose Surface Modification
10.4 Recent Research Trends and Performance of Cellulose Nanofibril for Heavy Metal Removal
10.4.1 Cellulose nanofibril aerogels for heavy metal removal
10.4.2 Cellulose nanofibril hydrogels for heavy metal removal
10.4.3 Performance trends and regeneration
References
Further Reading
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Structural Features and Properties of Nanocellulose
11.2.1 Crystallinity of nanocellulose
11.2.2 Morphology of nanocellulose
11.3 Nanocellulose Adsorbent
11.4 Nanocellulose Catalyst
11.5 Nanocellulose Flocculant
11.6 Nanocellulose Membrane Filter
11.7 Conclusion
References
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Background and Theoretical Foundations
12.2.1 Zinc sulfide nanoparticles: properties and applications
12.2.2 Nanocellulose: types, properties, and environmental applications
12.2.3 Rationale for zinc sulfide–nanocellulose integration
12.3 Fabrication Methodologies for Zinc Sulfide–Nanocellulose Composites
12.4 Mechanisms and Properties
12.4.1 Photocatalytic mechanisms
12.4.2 Synergistic adsorption dynamics and interfacial mechanisms
12.4.3 Oil–water separation and wettability
12.4.4 Potential for oil–water separation
12.5 Applications in Wastewater Treatment
12.5.1 Frontiers in oily wastewater remediation: challenges and opportunities
12.5.2 Synthesis of environmental applications and future perspectives
12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Further Reading
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nanocellulose as Membrane Material
13.3 Membrane Fabrication Techniques Incorporating Nanocellulose
13.3.1 Electrospinning technology
13.3.2 Vacuum filtration and self-assembly
13.3.3 Casting and phase inversion
13.4 Multifunctional Roles of Nanocellulose in Wastewater Treatment
13.4.1 Heavy metal removal
13.4.2 Organic pollutant removal
13.4.3 Emerging applications of nanocellulose membranes
13.4.4 Multifunctional integration
13.5 Challenges and Future Outlook
13.5.1 Mechanical stability in aqueous environments
13.5.2 Membrane fouling and cleaning
13.5.3 Production cost and scalability
13.5.4 Standardization and quality control
13.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Further Reading
Chapter 14: Recycling and Reusability of Nanocellulose-Based Materials in Wastewater Treatment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Structural Integrity and Stability of Nanocellulose in Aqueous Environments
14.2.1 Overcoming hydrophilic disintegration via crosslinking
14.2.2 Enhancing stability through hydrophobic modification
14.2.3 Composite reinforcement for mechanical robustness
14.3 Mechanisms of Pollutant Desorption and Regeneration Strategies
14.4 Recovery and Separation Technologies for Nanocellulose Post-Treatment
14.4.1 Magnetic separation
14.4.2 Macroscopic molding and 3D structuring
14.4.3 Stimuli-responsive separation
14.5 Multicycle Performance and Reusability Assessment
14.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives in Large-Scale Reusability
14.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Declaration of Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies
References
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Life Cycle Assessment of Bacterial Cellulose Production
15.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Bacterial Cellulose Based on Raw Material
15.4 Conclusions
References
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Types of Cellulose as a Nanomaterial
16.2.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
16.2.2 Cellulose nanofibrils
16.2.3 Bacterial nanocellulose
16.2.4 Physicochemical properties of nanocellulosic modification
16.3 Applications of Nanocellulose in Water and Wastewater Treatment
16.4 Life Cycle Assessment and Ecotoxicological Impacts
16.5 Future Perspectives
16.6 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Current Limitations and Challenges
17.3 Current Advancements of Nanocellulose in Water and Wastewater Treatment
17.4 Emerging Applications
17.5 Future Opportunities
17.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Detalles del producto
Detalles del producto
- Edición: 1
- Última edición
- Publicado: 1 de noviembre de 2026
- Idioma: Inglés
Sobre los editores
Sobre los editores
AR
Ahmad Ilyas Rushdan
Dr Ahmad Ilyas Rushdan is a senior lecturer in the Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. His expertise includes biodegradable polymers, biopolymers, polymer composites, and polymer gels. Additionally, Dr. Ahmad Ilyas specializes in material engineering, specifically in the areas of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites, biocomposites, cellulose materials, and nano-composites.
AS
Athanasia Amanda Septevani
Dr. Athanasia Amanda Septevani is a senior researcher at the National Research and Innovation Agency in Indonesia, specializing in polymers and nanotechnology. Her research focuses on engineering and designing sustainable materials derived from waste, combining both translational and fundamental research expertise.
Dr. Septevani earned her PhD from The University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia, in 2017. She has participated in global research collaborations as a Research Fellow at various institutions, including Oregon State University in the USA (2016), the University of Warwick in the UK (2019), and Politecnico di Torino in Italy (2021).
Dr. Septevani's contributions to STEM have been recognized with several prestigious awards, including the L’Oréal UNESCO for Women in Science in 2018, the 1st place Merck Young Scientist Award in 2021, and the Japan International Award for Young Agricultural Researchers in 2022. In 2019, she was named one of the 99 Most Inspiring Women in Indonesia by Globe Asia, and in 2023, she was recognized as one of Asia's 100 Most Outstanding Researchers by Asian Scientist Magazine.
NS
Norfarhana Abdul Samad
Norfarhana Abdul Samad is a lecturer in the Department of Petrochemical Engineering at Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail in Pagoh, Malaysia. She holds a Master of Science degree in Chemistry from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), where her research focused on rubber composite membranes. Her research interests span a variety of disciplines, including polymer sciences, material science, natural fibers, bio-composites, thermoplastic elastomer composites, and membrane polymers. With her extensive expertise, she is dedicated to advancing knowledge and skills in her field.
MM
Melbi Mahardika
Dr. Melbi Mahardika is an Associate Researcher at the Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts within the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia. He completed his doctoral research in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Andalas University in Indonesia. His areas of expertise include packaging technology, nanocellulose, biocomposites, natural fiber reinforced polymers, nanotechnology for agroindustry, advanced material technology, nanomaterials Synthesis, and biomaterials.
AD
Alain Dufresne
Dr. Alain Dufresne is a Professor at The International School of Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (Pagora) at Grenoble Institute of Technology in France. He holds a PhD in Electronics from the National Institute of Applied Sciences in Toulouse, as well as a MSc in Chemical Engineering from Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal and in Solid State Physics from Paul Sabatier University in Toulouse. Dr. Dufresne is an expert in polysaccharide nanofibrils and nanocrystals, including cellulose, chitin, and starch. His research focuses on the processing and characterization of nanocomposites based on renewable resources and the valorization of biomass.
Previously, he served as an Associate Professor in the Physical Metallurgy & Materials Physics Lab at INSA Lyon and was a professor at the Research Center on Vegetable Macromolecules (CERMAV) at Joseph Fourier University in Grenoble.