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Elsevier

Libros en Ciencias Agrícolas y Biológicas

The Agricultural and Biological Sciences collection advances science-based knowledge for the improvement of animal and plant life and for secure food systems that produce nutritious, novel, sustainable foods with minimal environmental impact. Food Science titles include not only those products from agriculture but all other aspects from food production to nutrition, health and safety, chemistry to security, policy, law and regulation. Biological Sciences address animal behaviour and biodiversity, organismal and evolutionary biology, entomology, marine biology and aquaculture, plant science and forestry.

  • The Computerized Greenhouse

    Automatic Control Application in Plant Production
    • 1 Edición
    • Bozzano G Luisa
    • Inglés
    The aim of this book is to open up research areas in automatic control engineering for crop production systems in horticulture and agriculture, and to explain the principle ideas of advanced automatic control in plant production. The text includes detailed discussions of:- Fundamental systems engineering concepts- Modeling- Control for agricultural systems- Optimal control and its applications- Artificial intelligence for agricultural applications

  • Archabacteria

    • 1 Edición
    • Carl R. Woese
    • Inglés
    The Bacteria, A Treatise on Structure and Function, Volume VIII: Archaebacteria is divided into three major parts and is further subdivided into several chapters. Each part deals with a specific area of study regarding archaebacteria. Part I tackles the biochemical diversity and ecology of archaebacteria, while Part II discusses translation apparatus of these organisms. The last part focuses on archaebacteria’s general molecular characteristics. Generally, the physiological, morphological, ecological, and molecular aspects of the archaebacteria are discussed in this volume. This book also covers a historical distinction between prokaryote-eukaryote and the simultaneous development of archaebacteria. This book is a recommended reference for biologists and scientists who are interested in the unique characteristics of archaebacteria as a very special type of bacteria. These organisms provide a “new world” for thermophilic organisms and at the same time make experts reexamine their idea of prokaryotes. Their relationship to eukaryotes leads people to believe that archaebacteria are truly a “new kingdom of organisms”.

  • Molecular Cloning and Gene Regulation in Bacilli

    • 1 Edición
    • A Ganesan
    • Inglés
    Molecular Cloning and Gene Regulation in Bacilli presents the proceedings of the 1981 Cetus Conference on Genetics held at Stanford University, Stanford, California. It summarizes both basic and applied aspects of bacilli genetics. It discusses significant advances made in understanding chromosome structure, gene arrangement, molecular cloning, cloned gene expression, DNA metabolism, transcription, and translation. Divided into five sessions, the book starts by discussing the DNA sequence from RNA intergenic spaces of Bacillus subtilis rRNA gene sets, the construction of a bifunctional cosmid vector of large DNA segments, and the mating system of bacilli. Molecular cloning session covers complementation system and dominance analyses in Bacillus, genetic fusion of Escherichia coli lac genes to a Bacillus subtilis promoter, and DNA cloning of B. subtilis. It also describes the construction of trimethoprim resistant B. subtilis plasmid and expression of E. coli trp genes cloned in B. subtilis. Session III encompasses chapters that discuss protein secretion by bacilli; regulation of alpha-amylase production in B. subtilis; entomocidal toxin translation of B. thuringiensis; and expression of crystal protein, heterologous, and eukaryotic genes in bacilli. Session IV focuses on various aspects of DNA metabolism of bacilli, such as the interaction of bacterial chromosome with cell membrane; plasmid DNA in competent cells and protoplasts of B. subtilis; analysis of peptides synthesized by B. subtilis mutants; and DNA repair, uptake, restriction, modification, and recombination. The final session examines species-specific translation, control of gene expression and replications in plasmids, development of expression-vector in B. subtilis, and regulatory modifications of RNA polymerase. Each chapter is presented in an experimental manner, consisting of a summary of the study, materials and methods, results, as well as references.

  • Methods in Mycoplasmology V1

    Mycoplasma Characterization
    • 1 Edición
    • Samuel Razin
    • Inglés
    Methods in Mycoplasmology, Volume I: Mycoplasma Characterization is the first of a two-volume series that resulted from cumulative efforts to meet the need for standardized techniques in mycoplasmology. The book is organized into five sections. Section A provides an introduction to the mycoplasmas by discussing their characteristics and classification, mycoplasma-animal host interrelationships, and mycoplasma-plant-ins... interrelationships. The chapters in Section B examine the morphological and ultrastructural features of mycoplasmas, using techniques such as phase-contrast microscopy, dark-field microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Section C discusses the cultivation and nutrition of mycoplasmas. Section D focuses on analytical methods for the characterization of mycoplasmas, including harvest and washing procedures, cell lysis and membrane isolation, and crossed immunoelectrophoresi... Section E describes tests designed to detect specific enzymatic activities or nutritional requirements of mycoplasmas. These include sugar fermentation and arginine hydrolysis tests as well as tests to establish the sterol requirement of mycoplasmas. Section F deals with serological tests. These tests either have specific application to detection of mycoplasma antigens or antibody in plant and animal tissues; are useful in identification of specific groups of mycoplasmas (spiroplasmas); or provide higher sensitivity in measurements of antibodies against mycoplasmas.

  • Aspects of Sponge Biology

    • 1 Edición
    • Frederick Harrison
    • Inglés
    Aspects of Sponge Biology is the result of a symposium about sponge biology held in Albany, New York in May 1975. The symposium not only presents investigations, but also problem areas in the field of sponge biology. This book therefore shows that sponges are a very challenging and untouched subject area for future studies. This book is divided into three major parts, wherein the first part introduces and discusses sponge biology. The introduction and discussion include sponge biology principles, perspectives, and problems. The next two parts discuss cell and development biology, taxonomy, and ecology. Part 2 deals with several topics of the cellular aspect, including an analysis of reproduction in sponge populations and cytochemical studies of connective tissues in sponges. This part also looks into the cytological abnormalities in various normal and transformed cell lines. Part 3 describes the different types of sponge in their various habitats. Sponge feeding mechanisms, ecological factors controlling sponge distribution, and zoogeography of Brazilian marine Demospongiae are also discussed in this part. This book will be of important value to biology students and teachers. Specialists including zoologists, ecologists, comparative physiologists, and biologists will also benefit from this book.

  • Concepts in Radiation Cell Biology

    • 1 Edición
    • Gary Whitson
    • Inglés
    Concepts in Radiation Cell Biology summarizes current concepts related to the effects of radiation on cell biology, with emphasis on the underlying macromolecular basis for cellular changes in irradiated cells. It explores the effects of non-ionizing radiation, such as ultraviolet and visible light; the use of laser light in cellular studies; and the biological effects of ionizing radiation on cells. Results of ultraviolet studies implicating DNA as the main target macromolecule responsible for radiation injury, such as division delays, lethality, and delayed DNA replication, are presented. Divided into eight chapters, this volume begins with an overview of ultraviolet irradiation of DNA as well as the physical and biological properties of irradiated DNA. It then discusses methods used in the photoinactivation of viruses; the effects of ultraviolet radiation on bacteria; radiation-induced biochemical changes in protozoa; and techniques for the analysis of radiation-induced mitotic delay in synchronously dividing sea urchin eggs. The book also covers the effects of radiation on mammalian cells; the effects of ionizing radiation on higher plants; and the photodynamic effects of laser light on cells. This book is a valuable resource for cell biologists, as well as students and investigators who are seeking the necessary information for further experimentation in radiation cell biology.

  • Economic Microbiology: Primary Products of Metabolism

    • 1 Edición
    • A.H. Rose
    • Inglés
    Economic Microbiology, Volume 2: Primary Products of Metabolism is part of a multi-volume series that aims to provide authoritative accounts of the many facets of exploitation and control of microbial activity. It discusses the production of industrially important chemicals by microbiological processes, specifically the production of primary products of metabolism. This volume includes accounts of the production of organic acids, nucleotides, and amino acids which form large and stable sectors of the microbiological industries. It also provides information on polysaccharide fermentations, which are currently undergoing extensive development. Further, there are discussions of the production of lipids and polyhydroxy alcohols, which have yet to be introduced on a commercial scale but could well become economically viable in the near future. Finally, there is also an account of the production of acetone and butanol by bacteria. This fermentation process featured significantly in the career of Chaim Weizmann, the first President of the State of Israel, and it is still operated in some countries.

  • Biochemistry

    The Chemical Reactions Of Living Cells
    • 1 Edición
    • David Metzler
    • Inglés
    Biochemistry: The Chemical Reactions of Living Cells is a 16-chapter reference source on chemical structures and reactions of living cells. The first three chapters of this book contain introductory material on cell structure, molecular architecture, and energetic. The subsequent chapters examine the allosteric effect of the binding structures of oligomeric enzymes, microtubules, viruses, and muscle. These chapters also describe the structures and chemical properties of membranes and of the surrounding cell coats. The discussions then shift to the general properties of enzymes, the kinetics of chemical reactions, and the various mechanisms employed in enzymatic catalysis. Considerable chapters are devoted to the reaction sequences found in metabolism. These chapters particularly examine the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism; photosynthesis; and biosynthesis and catabolism of an enormous number of nitrogenous compounds. The final chapters highlight the genetic and hormonal control of metabolism, development, and brain function. Biochemistry teachers and students will find this book of great value.

  • Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition V1

    • 1 Edición
    • C.H. Dickinson
    • Inglés
    Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition, Volume 1 focuses on decomposition of various types of litter, which include all plant remains, ranging from still standing dead trees to the decomposing hyphae of fungi and bacterial cells, including herbivore dung. The book is organized into seven chapters, each devoted to a specific type of litter including lower plants, herbaceous, angiosperm, and coniferous tree leaf litters; wood; root; and digested litter. It describes the structure and function of the organisms concerned. It also covers the involvement of biotrophic and necrotrophic parasites of higher plants in the early stages of decomposition. With a strong focus on the interrelationships in plant litter decomposition, the book is an ideal source of information for research biologists who are interested in life cycle and decomposition of plants.

  • The Structural Basis of Membrane Function

    • 1 Edición
    • Youssef Hatafi
    • Inglés
    The Structural Basis of Membrane Function is a documentation of an international symposium of the same title. This book serves as a collection of the significant articles pertaining to the field of membrane research. It is composed of seven parts, where the first and last parts are articles contributed by scientific authorities. The book generally discusses the membrane research and this study’s relevance to the society. Then, the book specifically looks into membrane features, including its structure, processes in it, functions, and types. Some of the specific topics included in the discussion of each part are phospholipases and monolayers used in studies of membrane structure; molecular aspects of active transport; and electron-transfer in energy-transducing membranes. The book also explains the two functions in common of biological membranes; synaptic receptor proteins; and liver microsomal membranes. The scope of this book is broad and helpful to many fields of scienec. It will be of great benefit to students, teachers, scientists, and researchers in the field of biochemistry, biology, molecular biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and cellular biology among others.

  • Cation Flux Across Biomembranes

    • 1 Edición
    • Yasuo Mukohata
    • Inglés
    Cation Flux Across Biomembranes documents the proceedings of a symposium on ""Cation Flux across Biomembranes"" sponsored by the Japan Bioenergetics Group, held September 10-13, 1978 at the Inter-University Seminar House of Kansai in Kobe, Japan. The symposium brought together 80 of the leading investigators concerned with ATP-utilizing and ATP-generating systems associated with cation fluxes across membranes to discuss biochemical mechanisms in depth and their relation to cation transport functions. The papers presented focused on three types of membrane systems. The first two membrane systems are classified as ATP-utilizing systems. These include the plasma membrane, associated with the ATP dependent Na+-K+ transport system, which draws upon most of the cell's energy for cation fluxes; and the sarcoplasmic recticulum membrane associated with Ca++ transport, which plays a key role in excitation-contracti... coupling in muscle. The third type of membrane system falls under ATP-generating systems. These include the inner membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria associated with H+ fluxes generated by oxidation-reduction reactions, and their coupling to secondary ion flows and oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. H+ transport associated with the photoreaction cycle of bacteriorhodopsin, the light energy converted in halobacteria was also considered.

  • Chemistry and Biological Activities of Bacterial Surface Amphiphiles

    • 1 Edición
    • Gerald Shockman
    • Inglés
    Chemistry and Biological Activities of Bacterial Surface Amphiphiles is a collection of papers presented at a workshop entitled Chemistry and Biological Activities of Bacterial Surface Amphiphiles, held in New Orleans, Louisiana, January 12, 1981. The goals of the workshop were to review the state of knowledge of bacterial amphiphiles; to consider and possibly standardize approaches to testing for biological activities of amphiphiles; to set guidelines for criteria of purity of amphiphile preparations used in biological testing; to determine major future avenues in amphiphile research; and to foster future cooperative research in the field. The book is organized into eight parts. Part I contains papers on the chemical composition and biological properties of bacterial amphiphiles. Part II presents studies on the extraction and purification of amphiphiles. The papers in Part III focus on the detection and quantitation of bacterial amphiphiles. Part IV presents studies on the physical properties of bacterial amphiphiles. The contributions in Parts V and VI deal with the biosynthesis of amphiphiles and the role of amphiphiles in the producing organisms, respectively. Part VII examines interactions of bacterial amphiphiles with mammalian systems. Part VIII presents the final plenary session to the workshop, which reviewed areas of discussion that followed the formal presentations.

  • Interferons

    • 1 Edición
    • Thomas Merigan
    • Inglés
    Interferons documents the proceedings of a major international conference on Chemistry and Biology of Interferons: Relationship to Therapeutics held at Squaw Valley, California, in March 1982. The meeting was one of the 1982 UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology organized through the Molecular Biology Institute of the University of California at Los Angeles. The book is organized into four parts. Part I presents papers on recombinant DNA production of interferon. It includes studies on the synthesis of human immune interferon in E. coli and monkey cells; the expression of human β interferon gene in heterologous cells; and the molecular activities of recombinant and hybrid leukocyte interferons. Part II deals with the biology of interferons, covering topics such as interferon production control process; the effect of interferon on cellular enzymes; and human amniotic interferon. Part III examines the factors relevant to clinical application of interferons, including structure-function studies with human interferon-gamma and on human alpha interferon. Part IV presents clinical studies of interferon, such as interferon α trials in human tumor diseases and interferon in renal transplant recipients.

  • The Structure and Function of Nervous Tissue V6

    Structure IV and Physiology IV
    • 1 Edición
    • Geoffrey Bourne
    • Inglés
    The Structure and Function of Nervous Tissue, Volume VI: Structure IV and Physiology IV covers topics pertaining to ependyma and subependymal layer, filaments and tubules, synapse, epiphysis cerebri, excitation, macromolecules, and dopamine in the nervous system. The book particularly discusses the main structural features and functions of the ependyma and subependymal layer. It describes the ultrastructure of the synapse, and the nonspecific changes of the central nervous system in normal and experimental materials. It also includes the molecular biology of developing mammalian brain. In addition, the ""macromolecular picture"" of nerve excitation based on accumulated experimental findings from intracellularly perfused squid giant axons is presented. Lastly, evidence pertaining to the view that dopamine plays an important role in the control of extrapyramidal (striatal) motor functions is shown. This book will be very useful for graduate students in a variety of disciplines and for those specializing in particular aspects of nervous tissue study.

  • The Physiology of Insecta V5

    • 2 Edición
    • Morris Rockstein
    • Inglés
    The Physiology of Insecta, Second Edition, Volume V, is part of a multivolume treatise that brings together the known facts, the controversial material, and the many unresolved and unsettled problems of insect physiology. It features chapters written by the outstanding workers in each of a wide range of insect function areas. It is designed to meet a manifest need, which has arisen from the phenomenal increase in research activity on insects, for an authoritative, comprehensive reference work in insect physiology. The book begins with a discussion of insect nutrition. This is followed by separate chapters on the physiology of digestion and absorption; the factors affecting insect heart rates; the electrical properties of the insect heart; and the hemocytes of insects. Subsequent chapters cover the physiological role and the adaptive significance of the main biochemical constituents of insect hemolymph; salt and water balance in insects; defense reactions in insects; and microsomal mixed-function oxidases.

  • Biogenesis Of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides

    • 1 Edición
    • Frank Loewus
    • Inglés
    Biogenesis of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides contains the proceedings of a 1972 symposium on Biogenesis of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides held at the 164th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, New York. The symposium focuses on a broad range of interest from structural to functional aspects of cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis in algae as well as in higher plants. Organized into 17 chapters, this book details the progress and understanding regarding the biosynthesis of cell wall components and the assembly of these components in the wall. It encompasses topics on cell wall polysaccharides, UDP-D-glucuronic acid pyrophosphorylase, and D-xylose. This reference also tackles the UDP-D-glucuronic acid, L-arabinose, D-apiose, and carbohydrate polymers. Furthermore, it explains other topics, such as on extensin, hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein, cellulose, and polygalacturonic acid.

  • Genetic Control of Insect Pests

    • 1 Edición
    • G Davidson
    • Inglés
    Genetic Control of Insect Pests focuses on laboratory and field trials of genetic control methods of insects, which entails the use of insects to control themselves. It particularly describes species-specific and non-polluting genetic methods that have the advantage over most other methods of being efficient when the target insect is in low density, as the released insects have the capacity to search out the wild populations. Composed of nine chapters, the core parts of the book cover the mass-rearing, sterilization, and release of populations in the hope that these will mate with wild populations, leading to fertility reduction and population elimination. The book also examines techniques that use naturally existing population incompatibilities and techniques, which can result in population replacement rather than eradication with the intention to render such replacement populations harmless beforehand by genetic manipulation. This book is a valuable source of information for those who are searching for biological alternatives of insect pests control.

  • The Comparative Molecular Biology of Extracellular Matrices

    • 1 Edición
    • Harold Slavkin
    • Inglés
    The Comparative Molecular Biology of Extracellular Matrices reviews and assesses the comparative molecular biology of extracellular matrices. It covers six areas that are advanced to supplement this study. These include the molecular biology of collagen, monopolysaccharides, proteoglycans, and structural glycoproteins; development process of extracellular matrices; cell surfaces and interactions; evolution of bone and some tissues; and biophysical properties of connective tissues.

  • Metabolic Aspects of Food Safety

    • 1 Edición
    • Francis Roe
    • Inglés
    Metabolic Aspects of Food Safety is based on the proceedings of the Second Food Safety Conference held in 1969. The first conference was held in April 1966 and was concerned solely with the Pathology of Small Laboratory Animals. The program of the second Conference was intended to be complementary to that of the first. In 1966, the animals used for tests were considered. The 1969 conference focused on the tests themselves and their interpretation in relation to the toxicity or safety of the constituents, including additives and contaminants, of man's food for man. The contributions made by researchers at the conference included studies on the need for more biochemical information in food safety evaluation; the physiology of gastrointestinal absorption; renal function tests in laboratory animals; significance of age of test animals in food additive evaluation; aspects of protein metabolism relevant to food safety evaluation; and significance of organ-weight changes in food safety evaluation.

  • Growth, Nutrition, and Metabolism of Cells In Culture V1

    • 1 Edición
    • George Rothblat
    • Inglés
    Growth, Nutrition, and Metabolism of Cells in Culture, Volume 1, summarizes the state of knowledge of the growth, nutrition, and metabolism of various types of cell cultures. The chapters are both detailed and comprehensive enough for the specialist and broad enough to provide a general background for the nonspecialist. The present volume discusses the uptake, synthesis, and degradation of biologically important compounds, particularly the major components usually present in tissue culture medium. The book begins by tracing the history of the development of tissue culture. This is followed by separate chapters on early development of cell culture nutrition; the biological effects of serum; the energy metabolism of malignant cells; the gaseous environment of the mammalian cell in culture; and the uptake and utilization of amino acids by cells in culture. Subsequent chapters cover purine and pyrimidine metabolism; lipids in cell culture; the use of cell cultures for sterol metabolism studies; the genetic expressions of human diploid fibroblast cell cultures; and structural features of mammalian complex carbohydrates.

  • Evolutionary and Genetic Biology of Primates V2

    • 1 Edición
    • John Buettner-Janusch
    • Inglés
    Evolutionary and Genetic Biology of Primates, Volume II presents research on the evolution and genetic biology of the Primates. This book is organized into six chapters that discuss the serum proteins and hemoglobins; virology; and functional and behavior studies of reproductive systems, manipulative abilities, and displays of the Primates. The opening chapter presents the susceptibility of Primates to host range spans of viruses with both broad and narrow spectra, in relation to their taxonomic classification. The following chapter examines the Primates as a model group for the evaluation of the phylogenetic and evolutionary significance of immunochemical information. This book discusses the relationship of protein structure to evolution and of immunochemistry to protein structure, as well as the application of immunochemical methods in the antigenic correspondence among the Primates. This volume also covers the evolution of hemoglobin from one taxonomic level of the Primates to another. A chapter focuses on the reproductive physiology and behavior of the Lemuroidea, including their external genitalia, testis, sperm ducts, and associated glands. The concluding chapters discuss the role and phylogenetic relations of prehensive patterns and grips in the biology of Primates. A discussion on the origin and evolution of the different groups of components of primate displays is included. This book is an invaluable source for physical anthropologists and researchers, histologists, anatomists, neurologists, geneticists, cytologists, and other specialists.

  • Plant Cold Hardiness and Freezing Stress

    Mechanisms and Crop Implications
    • 1 Edición
    • P.H. Li
    • Inglés
    Plant Cold Hardiness and Freezing Stress: Mechanisms and Crop Implications, Volume 2 contains the proceedings of an International Seminar on Plant Cold Hardiness, held at the Sapporo Educational and Cultural Hall, Sapporo, Japan on August 11-14, 1981. Organized into five parts, this book aims to update the fundamental phenomena of plant cold acclimation and freezing behavior, to examine the hypotheses and ideas important to plant cold hardiness research, and to review the application of research findings for improving the quality of life. This volume particularly addresses the cold acclimation, freezing, and other temperature-related stresses in plants. Strategies for improving freezing survival are also presented. This volume will make an additional, significant contribution to researchers involved in understanding and planning research strategies for plant cold hardiness and for attenuating crop losses by frosts and severe winters.

  • Cell Reproduction

    In honor of Daniel Mazia
    • 1 Edición
    • Ellen Dirksen
    • Inglés
    Cell Reproduction: In Honor of Daniel Mazia represents the proceeding of a symposium entitled “Cell Reproduction” held in Keystone, Colorado, on March 1978. The symposium is organized to honor Daniel Mazia. Most of the areas of research that are discussed at the conference have their origins in Dan Mazia's laboratory. This volume is divided into nine parts, consisting of papers presented in the symposium. It first focuses on the macromolecular control in cell proliferation and growth, cell cycle regulation, control of genetic expression, and microtubule assembly in vitro and in vivo. In then explains the control of fertilization phenomena, chromosome movement, the mitotic apparatus, and control of cell division and cell cleavage. Lastly, this volume discusses the structural and molecular basis of cell movement and describes the differentiated cell. This book represents a tribute to Daniel Mazia's extraordinary contributions as teacher, scientist, and friend.

  • Invertebrate Cell Culture Applications

    • 1 Edición
    • Karl Maramorosch
    • Inglés
    Invertebrate Cell Culture Applications assesses the status of invertebrate cell culture at a time when this method can be used to solve problems in a number of diverse disciplines. Organized into seven chapters, this book begins by discussing the development and amino acid requirements of insect cell culture. It then describes the Drosophila tissue culture and chromosomal phenomena in cell lines of this organism. This book also explains the culture conditions regulating the infection of cells by an intracellular microorganism, as well as the replication of arboviruses in arthropod in vitro systems. Lastly, the characteristics, growth requirements, and applications of tick cell culture to parasitology are explored. This book will contribute in solving biomedical and agricultural problems. This reference material will be of special interest to parasitologists, virologists, microbiologists, entomologists, geneticists, medical researchers, and graduate students in related fields of biomedical research.

  • Microcirculation as Related to Shock

    • 1 Edición
    • David Shepro
    • Inglés
    Microcirculation as Related to Shock contains the proceedings of the 1967 Conference on the Microcirculation as Related to Shock held at Boston University. Contributors address reduced blood flow in the microcirculation and microcirculatory hypoperfusion as the focal point of shock. They also review significant progress in shock research, basic cardiovascular physiology, and cognate interdisciplinary fields. This volume is organized into four sections encompassing 26 chapters and begins with an overview of organs and systems involved in shock, including splanchnic circulation, regulatory mechanisms in shock, and microcirculatory studies in hypotension. The next chapters explore the causative factors that produce the state of low blood flow as found in shock, and whether microcirculatory hypoperfusion in humans can be prevented and treated. The book also discusses whether microcirculatory hypoperfusion can be measured in the patient and concludes with an assessment of promising avenues for further research, emphasizing the measurement of blood viscosity, shear stress, and rheological factors as indices of the degree of hypotension. This book is a valuable source of information for physiologists, biologists, and pathologists, as well as those involved in the medical sciences.

  • Fungal Pathogenicity and the Plant's Response

    • 1 Edición
    • R.J.W. Byrde
    • Inglés
    Fungal Pathogenicity and the Plants Response covers the proceedings of the Third Long Ashton Symposium held at Long Ashton Research Station University of Bristol on September 22-24, 1971. Topics for this biennial symposium are decided for their importance to Agriculture and Horticulture and for the timeliness of a critical review of developments in fungal pathogenicity and plants response. Composed of five sections, this book discusses the direct involvement of fungal proteins in fungal pathogenicity, the role of extracellular enzymes in fruit rotting, and the control of vertical distribution of apple scab disease. It then examines the role of ethylene in plant diseases, growth of obligate parasites, and the concepts of host-pathogen relations. It also focuses on plants induced and preformed resistance factors, including phaseollin, phytoalexin, and benzoic acid. The concluding section discusses the significant role of enzymes, particularly lysosomal enzymes, in fungal pathogenicity. With a strong focus on original data and speculative comment on host-parasite contact, this book will be helpful for research workers, teachers, and students who wish to broaden their knowledge in fungal pathogenicity.

  • Developmental Aspects of the Cell Cycle

    • 1 Edición
    • Ivan Cameron
    • Inglés
    Developmental Aspects of the Cell Cycle discusses the molecular, organelle, cellular, and organismal levels of cell cycle, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. It addresses the possible antagonism between the ability of cells to proliferate and to differentiate. After brief historical, theoretical, and methodological background information for each cell system, this book concentrates on the mechanisms involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. The book presents systems in which mass cultures of cells can be induced to undergo a synchronous transition from one cell state to another, enabling the amplification of cellular and biochemical events to be analyzed with the available morphological and biochemical techniques. Some chapters explain the possibility of cell state production by a microenvironment that occurs at the organismal level, in which a series of mitotic and growth steps causes cells proliferation. The concluding chapters discuss cell proliferation and differentiation in specific cell system, such as embryonic chick and male germ cell. This book will appeal to investigators in many disciplines, teachers, and life sciences students, particularly, to molecular, cellular, and developmental biologists.

  • Genetic Control of Immune Responsiveness

    Relationship to Disease Susceptibility
    • 1 Edición
    • Hugh Mcdevitt
    • Inglés
    Genetic Control of Immune Responsiveness: Relationship to Disease Susceptibility documents the proceedings of an international conference held at Brook Lodge, Augusta, Michigan, May 8-10, 1972. It brings together the detailed experimental evidence on the mechanism of action of specific immune response genes, and shows how the two major classes of immune response genes affect our understanding of basic immunology and antibody formation on the one hand, and of host factors determining disease susceptibility on the other. The book is organized into seven parts that correspond to the seven sessions of the conference. Part I presents a session on how the study of the genetic control of immune responses in guinea pigs and mice has contributed to the development of T cell immunology. Part II presents a session on genetic fine structure of the major (H-2) histocompatibility complex in the mouse. Part III presents a session dealing with the association between the production of homogeneous antibody, or of idiotypic antibody, and immunoglobulin allotypes. Part IV presents a session on the relationship between histocompatibility-l... and allotype-linked immune response genes and antigen-specific receptors on T and B cells. Part V presents a session on animal models of multigenic control of susceptibility to disease. Part VI presents a session on the associations between HL-A type and specific disease entities. Finally, Part VII provides a commentary on the ideas and concepts emerging from the three days of free-ranging discussion.

  • The Ontogeny of Vertebrate Behavior

    • 1 Edición
    • Howard Moltz
    • Inglés
    The Ontogeny of Vertebrate Behavior is a collection of articles focused on the comparative psychology researches. The text is devoted to the development of vertebrate behavior, emphasizes the ontogenetic determinants, and answers questions related to the differentiation of selected response systems. The book is organized into 10 chapters that feature the concepts of vertebrate behavior and its ontogeny. It presents the study of behavioral development, as well as the visual perceptual systems and its evolution. It explains the perceptual abilities of the human infant and the early experience and problem-solving behavior. Cerebral effects of environmental manipulation and the behavioral phenomena are explained. The book also talks about the ontogeny of emotional, play, and exploratory behaviors; of sexuality and maternal behavior; and of mother-infant relations. It also discusses the principle and procedure of imprinting. Finally, it explains the vocal learning of avian species and the ontogeny of language, as well as the vocal abnormalities. This text will be invaluable to the students, novices, and professionals in psychology, ethology, endocrinology, and behavioral and developmental biology.

  • Primate Conservation

    • 1 Edición
    • Prince Rainer III
    • Inglés
    Primate Conservation provides a comprehensive discussion of the conservation of many species of nonhuman primates. The problems of conservation are discussed by distinguished scientists who are experts in their knowledge of the animals they write about and who have firsthand knowledge of the problems of conserving them. Animals ranging from Galago to the Gorilla have been selected to serve as examples of the types of problems that conservationists face. The book begins by discussing the ecology of two species of galagine in South Africa. It covers factors such as their distribution, habitat, population densities, activity patterns, feeding, group structure, and reproduction. This is followed by separate chapters on the conservation of the following: aye-aye; the lion tamarins of Brazil; the Peruvian yellow-tailed woolly monkey; the toque macaque of Sri Lanka; rare lion-tailed monkey of South India; rhesus monkeys in Northern India; the gelada baboons; the hanuman langur and douc langur; red ouakaris; black colobus monkeys; lesser apes; and eastern gorillas.

  • The Biochemistry and Physiology of Tetrahymena

    • 1 Edición
    • Donald G. Hill
    • Inglés
    The Biochemistry and Physiology of Tetrahymena presents a review of the literature covering the physiology and biochemistry of the ciliate genus Tetrahymena, of which Tetrahymena pyriformis is the most studied species. Organized into 10 parts, this book first provides basic information about Tetrahymena, which is found in almost any body of water and is so unusual that one can debate quite rationally as to whether it is an animal or a plant. Other chapters are restricted to specific subjects about this organism, namely, carbohydrate, lipid, energy, protein, amino acid, purine, pyrimidine, and nucleic acid metabolism. The organism’s biochemical genetics, vitamin and inorganic requirements, and evolution are also shown. This book also explores the effect of radiation, drugs, and hydrostatic pressure on Tetrahymena. The documented information presented in this book will be sufficient to stimulate even more interest in the organism.

  • Evolutionary processes and theory

    • 1 Edición
    • Evitar Nevo
    • Inglés
    Evolutionary Processes and Theory contains the proceedings of a workshop held in Israel in March 1985. Contributors explore evolutionary processes and theory and highlight advances in knowledge concerning differentiation, metabolic and immunological mechanisms, and the molecular biology of the genome. Issues that are being debated are also considered, including the origin and evolution of sexual systems, the genetics of altruism, and general forms and levels of social evolution. This volume is organized into six sections encompassing 33 chapters and begins with an overview of the evolutionary problems of molecular biology. Some chapters are devoted to topics such as the role of gene regulation in evolutionary processes; the structural diversity and evolution of intermediate filament proteins; and adaptation and evolution in the immune system. The next section examines the tempo and mode of molecular evolution, including that of hybrid dysgenesis systems, as well as the statistical aspects of the molecular clock. Later chapters focus on DNA and protein sequences; sexual selection and speciation; and the relation between speciation mechanisms and macroevolutionary patterns. The book also methodically explains population genetics, with particular reference to the altruistic behavior in sibling groups with unrelated intruders, the endosperm evolution in higher plants, and the evolutionary aspects of sexual reproduction in predominantly asexual populations. This book will be of interest to geneticists and molecular biologists.

  • Biology of Bats

    • 1 Edición
    • William Wimsatt
    • Inglés
    Biology of Bats, Volume I, examines most of the basic characteristics related to the anatomy, physiology, behavior, and ecology of the bat. It covers the animal's evolution, as well as karyology, bioeconomics, zoogeography, principles of classification, and procedures and issues involved in the care and management of bats as research subjects in the laboratory. Organized into 10 chapters, this volume begins with a historical overview of bat origins and evolution, karyotypic trends in bats, and the role of karyotypes in studying the biology of bats. It then discusses the bat skeletal and muscular systems; flight patterns and aerodynamics; prenatal and postnatal development; migration and homing; ecology and physiological ecology of bat hibernation; thermoregulation and metabolism; and the urinary system, including gross anatomy and embryology, histophysiology, and renal physiology. It also looks at morphological contrasts between the skulls and dentitions of different families and genera of bats. This book will benefit biologists, zoologists, teachers, and others concerned with the general biology of Chiroptera.

  • Biotechnology in Plant Science

    Relevance to Agriculture in the Eighties
    • 1 Edición
    • Milton Zaitlin
    • Inglés
    Biotechnology in Plant Science: Relevance to Agriculture in the Eighties reflects the exchange of ideas among the participants in a symposium held at Cornell University in 1985. This reference highlights advances in and applications of biotechnology. Applications include plant breeding and agricultural business. This book is comprised of research articles emphasizing available technologies including tissue culture and plant transformation. Papers included in this reference also cover topics on genes for transformation and plant molecular biology and agrichemicals. As this reference focuses more on tissue culture, it specifically explains plant regeneration and genetic events. The book discusses the roles of various institutions and sectors in advancing biotechnology and related fields. It also provides two panel discussions on the implications of the technological advances in conjunction with the issues about these innovations. Researchers, lecturers, and students in biotechnology and agriculture will find this anthology an excellent reference for further studies and research in biotechnology and its applications to agriculture.

  • Amphibian Cytogenetics and Evolution

    • 1 Edición
    • David M. Green + 1 más
    • Inglés
    This book appears at a time when molecular cytogenetics is positioned to make a significant impact upon evolutionary studies, enabling problems of chromosomal structure and change to be critically assessed. It is an up-to-date and comprehensive survey of the cytogenetics of a major class of animals, including all three amphibian orders, with chapters authored by international leaders in the field.Amphibian Cytogenetics and Evolution will be of interest to classical and molecular cytogeneticists, systematicists, evolutionary biologists, herpetologists, and anyone using amphibians in genetic research.

  • Biotic Diversity in Agroecosystems

    • 1 Edición
    • D. Pimentel + 1 más
    • Inglés
    The preservation of biodiversity is a high priority among biologists, ecologists and environmentalists. The impact that human activities have on biodiversity is clear; however, few studies have focused on the importance of biodiversity to natural and agricultural ecosystems. In fact, many natural species are essential to sustainable agricultural programs. A new school of thought is appreciating the ecological principles and benefits that diversity of natural biota have for humans and the environment. Landscape ecology and agroecology can play a major role in protecting the environment and conserving biological diversity. The practical opportunities for improving the sustainability of agriculture and making it more environmentally sound were discussed at the Symposium on Agroecology and Conservation Issues, from which 22 papers were collected for this volume. Strategies for increasing biodiversity in agricultural landscapes are provided alongside discussion that agriculture will continue to spread into forests, to meet the growing need for food. Although humans recognize the value of crop and livestock species, few really appreciate the fact that agriculture and forestry cannot function in a productive sustainable way when significant numbers of species in natural biota are lost.

  • Humus, its Structure and Role in Agriculture and Environment

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 25
    • J. Kubát
    • Inglés
    This volume presents the proceedings of the 10th internationalsymposi... Humus et Planta held in Prague in August 19-23,1991. The main topics of this book are devoted to the recentadvances in fundamental, as well as applied research of humicsubstances, the most abundant of the naturally occuringmacromolecul... of nature, the understanding of their natureand how they react and interact in their natural environments.Texts are included on the structure, physical and chemicalproperties of humic substances; the relationships among humus,soil properties and fertility; the biotransformations oforganic substances in the soil; the relationships betweenhumic substances and plants and the interactions of humus andxenobiotic substances. This book presents recent knowledge ofthe complicated and challenging humic substances. It will beof interest not only to scientist, but also to Universityteachers and students of agricultural and environmentalscience...

  • The Cell Nucleus V3

    • 1 Edición
    • Harris Busch
    • Inglés
    The Cell Nucleus, Volume III focuses mainly on nucleic acids, nuclear proteins, and special aspects of nuclear functions. This volume particularly discusses the organization of bacterial and viral DNA, as well as the nuclear DNA of eukaryotic organisms. It also describes nuclear DNA polymerases, precursors of messenger RNA, ribonucleoproteins, and nuclear high- and low-molecular-weight RNAs. Furthermore, this volume looks into the two broad classes of nuclear proteins: histones and nonhistone proteins. It also presents advances made in the knowledge of mammalian DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, cytochemical detection of nuclear enzymes, and nuclear protein synthesis. Moreover, it elucidates the effects of female steroid hormones on target cell nuclei, describes the nucleus during avian erythropoiesis, and reports the general properties of intranuclear viruses.

  • Fish As Food V4

    Processing: Part 2
    • 1 Edición
    • Georg Borgstrom
    • Inglés
    Fish as Food, Volume IV: Processing: Part 2 focuses on the handling and processing of fish as food, particularly how aquatic resources become human food that is less perishable and more available at all times and at locations far removed from the catching areas. Industrial trends are intricately interwoven with developmental and theoretical findings in many areas of fish and shellfish utilization. Organized into 11 chapters, this volume begins with a discussion on various methods of handling and environmental conditions, and how they affect the storage life of chilled fresh fish and fresh fillets. The first chapter considers the action of microorganisms and the chemical and enzymatic changes taking place in fish. The reader is then introduced to the different types of methods used to evaluate the freshness of seafood as well as the spoilage of fish, along with problems encountered during the canning process. Other chapters focus on fish canning, preservation, and freezing. The book concludes by describing fish processing and preservation aboard ships. This book is a valuable resource for scientists and researchers working in fields such as chemistry, microbiology, refrigeration, and marine science.

  • The Physiology of Insecta V6

    • 2 Edición
    • Morris Rockstein
    • Inglés
    The Physiology of Insecta, Second Edition, Volume VI, is part of a multivolume treatise that brings together the known facts, the controversial material, as well as the many unresolved and unsettled problems of insect physiology. It features chapters written by the outstanding workers in each of a wide range of insect function areas. It is designed to meet a manifest need, which has arisen from the phenomenal increase in research activity on insects, for an authoritative, comprehensive reference work in insect physiology. The book begins with a discussion of the physiology of insect resistance to insecticides. This is followed by separate chapters on the structure and formation of the integument in insects; the physical properties and chemical components of the insect cuticle; and permeability of the insect cuticle. Subsequent chapters cover the organization and evolution of the insect tracheal system; aquatic respiration in insects; and factors affecting insect respiratory rates.

  • Light Transducing Membranes

    Structure, Function, and Evolution
    • 1 Edición
    • David Deamer
    • Inglés
    Light Transducing Membranes: Structure, Function, and Evolution covers the proceedings of a joint United States-Australia conference held in Honolulu, Hawaii on December 1977. Organized into four parts encompassing 19 chapters, the book focuses on structural, functional, and evolutionary aspects of light energy transduction by membranes. The first part of the book explores the problems of how membrane-related biomolecules could have evolved prior to the origin of life, how amphiphiles might have become organized in lipid bilayer structures, and what mechanisms may have been available for light energy transduction. The mechanisms by which ions, lipids, and proteins interact in membrane systems are described in the next part of the book. Some chapters in the third part of the book cover the analysis of several bacterial membranes as reconstituted, light transducing systems, providing a new tool for investigating basic mechanisms. Relevant aspects of mitochondrial energy transduction are also covered. Finally, the last part presents mechanism analysis by which intact bacteria and chloroplasts interact with light energy, which represent the end product of several billion of years of evolution. Biological evolutionists, biologists, researchers, teachers, and students who are interested in various aspects of light transducing membranes will greatly benefit from this book.

  • Agricultural Engineering Soil Mechanics

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 10
    • E. McKyes
    • Inglés
    This book provides an introduction to classical soil mechanics and foundation engineering, and applies these principles to agricultural engineering situations. Theoretical design formulae are given, plus tables and graphs dealing with bearing capacity factors, wall pressure factors, soil cutting numbers and soil mechanical properties. Many example problems of design and analysis are solved in the text, and there are unsolved problems given for each chapter.The text begins with descriptions of soil origins and classification systems, including agricultural classification schemes, and then introduces classical concepts of soil strength and strength measurement techniques in the laboratory and in the field. Soil mechanics is applied to the design of shallow foundations, and the design formulae as well as tables of bearing capacity factors for design use are provided. New research and design findings in the specialized area of tall and heavy farm silos are also given, in addition to deep pile foundation design for heavy structures on very soft soils. Water flow in soils is treated, together with stability of ditch bank slopes and small earth dams, design of retaining walls and pressure pressures in bins and silos, soil erosion and protection methods, soil cutting and tillage design methods, soil compaction analysis, the use of geotextiles and problems of soil freezing.The book is directed primarily at professional university students in Agricultural Engineering, but will also be of interest to scientists working in other engineering branches, landscape architecture, soil physics and the like.

  • Soil and Water

    Physical Principles and Processes
    • 1 Edición
    • Daniel Hillel
    • Inglés
    Soil and Water: Physical Principles and Processes describes the physical principles governing the soil-water system and particularly the sequence of processes constituting the cycle of water in the field. Organized into two parts, with a total of 11 chapters, this book first discusses the basic physical properties of both soil and water. Some chapters deal with the state of water in soil and flow of water in saturated and unsaturated soil. The second part focuses on the aspects of field water cycle, starting from the entry of water into soil to the redistribution of soil moisture. It also describes the groundwater drainage, evaporation from bare-surface soils, uptake of soil water by plants, and the water and energy balance in the field. This work is meant for students and professional workers in soil physics and other related disciplines who need or might be interested in a fundamental and up-to-date exposition of soil physics.

  • Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs V3

    Biology 2
    • 1 Edición
    • O.A. Jones
    • Inglés
    Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs, Volume III: Biology 2 covers the major advances made in the biological aspects of coral reef problems. This book discusses the ecology, animal associates, and toxicity of coral reefs. Composed of 11 chapters, the book initially describes the diversity of animals permanently or temporarily associated with living corals despite the formidable nematocyst batteries possessed by corals. The text goes on discussing some specializations of some shrimps and prawns permanently associated with living corals, thus, augmenting the number of biological niches available for colonization. The subsequent chapters deal with the appearance and distribution of coral reefs echinoderms and their biogeography; the role of fishes in the energetic of the coral reef system; the high incidence of toxic fishes in coral reef waters; and the origin, transmission, detection, pharmacology, and chemistry of ciguatoxin. The book also discusses natural and man-induced destruction of coral reef communities and the rate, manner, and extent of recovery of such destruction. It also describes the types of vegetation that grow on the limestone substratum provided by coral islands. Another chapter provides distributional data on the birds of the Great Barrier Reef region and the behavior and evolution of island populations of sea birds. The concluding chapters present the general biology of sea turtles and the factors that influence the number and types of organisms found on coral islands. This book will acquaint readers with some of the exciting developments in coral reef biology and will provide information that will enable them to assess the status of research in different fields.

  • Frontiers in Physicochemical Biology

    • 1 Edición
    • Bernard Pullman
    • Inglés
    Frontiers in Physicochemical Biology documents the proceedings of an international symposium held in celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, (Fondation Edmond de Rothschild) in Paris, May 23-27, 1977. The symposium was organized to cover the main topics of modern day molecular biology and biophysics, which are also the major disciplines researched at the Institute. The contributions made by researchers at the symposium are organized into four parts. Part I contains papers on the physical chemistry of fundamental biomolecules. Part II presents studies on physicochemical aspects of the mechanisms of genetic expression. Part III examines the biochemistry of oxygen and hemoglobin. Part IV deals with the study of organized systems.

  • Humoral Factors in Host Defense

    • 1 Edición
    • Yuichi Yamamura
    • Inglés
    Humoral Factors in Host Defense contains the proceedings of the First Takeda Science Foundation Symposium on Bioscience, held on October 28-30, 1982, in Kyoto, Japan. The symposium focused on the humoral factors regulating immune responses, with emphasis on T cell-derived immunoregulatory molecules; molecular mechanisms of interferons; factors involved in differentiation and activation of immunocytes; and the use of the molecular genetics approach to host defense factors. Organized into four parts encompassing 22 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of interleukin-2 and T cell-replacing factors, along with their immunological functions and biochemical features. It then discusses antigen-specific T cell factors; immunoregulatory molecules from human monoclonal T cells; physiological and pathological roles of lymphokines; regulation of the immune system by monoclonal T cell peptides; production of a glycosylated human protein by recombinant DNA technology; and molecular genetics of immunoglobulin genes and the major histocompatibility antigen. Geneticists and biologists will find this book extremely useful.

  • Light and Electron Microscopy of Cells and Tissues

    • 1 Edición
    • Edmund Sandborn
    • Inglés
    Light and Electron Microscopy of Cells and Tissues: An Atlas for Students in Biology and Medicine is a condensation of Volumes I and II of "Cells and Tissues by Light and Electron Microscopy" (Academic Press, Inc., New York and London, 1970). It is designed to provide the student with the essentials for a basic knowledge of animal cells and tissues. The book provides comprehensive discussions of the following: the cell, stratified squamous epithelium, the nervous system, muscle, the lymphoid organs, the circulatory system, the digestive system, the major glands of digestion, the urinary system, the male reproductive system, the female reproductive system, the endocrine glands, and special senses (the eye and the ear).

  • Metabolic Inhibitors V3

    A Comprehensive Treatise
    • 1 Edición
    • R Hochster
    • Inglés
    Metabolic Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Treatise, Volume III reviews developments in metabolic and enzyme inhibition. With contributions by investigators experienced in their respective fields, the book explores metabolic processes or systems and covers topics ranging from membrane transport to immunization; gene activity; DNA, RNA, and protein syntheses; photosynthesis; lipid metabolism; and blood clotting. Organized into 12 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of transport reactions and their inhibition, emphasizing inhibitors of ATPase including cations, substrates, and products. Some chapters deal with inhibitors, such as antibiotics; polypeptide and protein hormones; modified transfer RNAs; and oligonucleotides. Other chapters discuss inhibitors of immune reactions; animal virus replication; plant viruses and mycoplasma; and isozymes. An account of genetic deletions is also given. Finally, the book considers molecules that act as repressors and derepressors of gene activity. This book will be beneficial to biochemists and medical research workers, as well as to virologists, microbiologists, plant physiologists, and agronomists.

  • Genetics of Sex Differentiation

    • 1 Edición
    • Ursula Mittwoch
    • Inglés
    Genetics of Sex Differentiation intends to help readers understand the genetic basis of sex differentiation. The book focuses on explaining how the sex chromosomes affect the process of sex differentiation by influencing the rates at which cells divide. The book is composed of seven chapters. It provides overviews of classical genetics and structure of cells. It also explains the chromosomal basis of sex determination and sex determination using Drosophila. Polygenetics and continuous and quasicontinuous variations are also discussed. The book also discusses sex factors, determination, and disorders. Moreover, it explains the heterochromatin, embryological basis of sex differentiation, and triploidy and autosomal effects. In addition, it discusses the relationship of genes, chromosomes, growth, and sex. The book is an excellent ""bedside book"" for students in biology, specifically in genetics and developmental biology. Lecturers and professionals in biology and genetics will also find this book invaluable for their practice.

  • A Computer-Mapped Flora

    A Study of The County of Warwickshire
    • 1 Edición
    • D.A. Cadbury
    • Inglés
    A Computer-Mapped Flora presents the study of county flora using electronic data processing methods to sort and codify the information gathered. This book also uses computer techniques for the construction of distribution maps that report the presence or absence of a species in a certain area and their major habitats. The book is comprised of 15 chapters. The first chapter is subdivided into two parts that discuss the previous work and a review and revision of old methods used in the study. The following paragraphs focus on the physical aspect of the topic. This volume includes chapters on the physical background, geology and soils, and historical geography. Also included in the book is a chapter dedicated to the historical survey of Warwickshire bryophytes. The following section focuses on the study and research aspect. Topics included are the recording and processing of data and habitat studies. The topics discussed in the subsequent chapters focus on plants, specifically flowering and vascular plants and bryophytes. Distribution maps, graph-plotted maps, and vascular plant checklists are some of the topics discussed. The book aims to be of service to botanists and other biologists outside of the British setting. This reference material will be helpful to other disciplines as the methods documented herein can also be applied to other studies and research.

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