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Elsevier

Libros en Química

  • Colloidal Gold

    Principles, Methods, and Applications
    • 1 Edición
    • Inglés
    Since its introduction in 1971, the development and application of colloidal gold as a marker in electron microscopy has been phenomenal. This state-of-the art, multi-volume treatise provides researchers, technicians, teachers, and students with the most comprehensive coverage of the principles and methodology of colloidal gold microscopy available today. This universal method is applicable to most microscopical systems including optical microscopy, scanning, transmission and high voltage electron microscopy, and photoelectron, photon, fluorescent darkfield and epipolarization microscopy. Colloidal gold allows high and low resolution studies, enzyme and nucleic acid labeling, study of dynamic cellular processes, and virus detection.

  • Environment, Chemistry, and metabolism

    • 1 Edición
    • Harry Gelboin
    • Inglés
    Polycyclic Hydrocarbons and Cancer, Volume 1: Environment, Chemistry, and Metabolism brings together information from many diverse disciplines in the environmental, chemical, biological, and medical sciences to provide a comprehensive account of the link between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and cancer. This volume consists of 19 chapters divided into seven sections based on the following themes: Energy Sources; Environmental Occurrence and Monitoring; Tobacco Carcinogenesis; Chemistry, Carcinogenicity, and Theory; Metabolism and Activation; Enzymology; and Pharmacokinetics. The first three chapters focus on the energy sources, occurrence and surveillance, and environmental monitoring of PAHs. The discussion then turns to the link between smoking and cancer; the carcinogenicity of 5-methylchrysene; synthesis and reactions of diol epoxides and related metabolites of carcinogenic hydrocarbons; and enzymes of oxygenation. The final chapter is devoted to the pharmacokinetics of chemically reactive metabolites. This book will be of interest to investigators and educators concerned with scientific aspects of PAH research; government officials and elected representatives as well as industry leaders who must confront and solve the problems related to PAHs; and others in various fields such as chemistry, environmental science, biochemistry and enzymology, pharmacology, molecular and cell biology, and genetics.

  • Quantum Chemistry Student Edition

    • 1 Edición
    • John Lowe
    • Inglés
    Quantum Chemistry: Student Edition emphasizes the ground state molecular orbital theory of molecules. This book contains 14 chapters that also cover some aspects of quantum mechanics theory. The opening chapters deal with some simple, but important, particle systems, allowing the introduction of many basic concepts and definitions of classical physics. The subsequent chapters consider the simple harmonic oscillator, the hydrogenlike ion, and many-electron atoms. Considerable chapters are devoted to the development of methods for performing linear variational calculations. These methods require solving a determinantal equation for its roots, and then solving a set of simultaneous homogeneous equations for coefficients. The closing chapters explore the concept and application of group theory and the qualitative molecular orbital theory. This book is of great value to organic, inorganic, and physical chemists, as well as to undergraduate or graduate chemistry students.

  • Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Food and Beverages V2

    • 1 Edición
    • George Charalambous
    • Inglés
    Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Food and Beverages, Volume 2 focuses on the role and utilization of reversed-phase separation techniques in the food, agricultural, biochemical, biomedical, and clinical area. This book discusses the high pressure liquid chromatography; estimation of dextrose equivalent value of starch hydrolysates from liquid chromatographic profiles; and analysis of gluconic acid in botrytized wines. The HPLC of carbohydrate products; reducing sugar derivatization for ultraviolet absorption detection in HPLC analyses; and quantitative determination of dextromethorphan hydrobromide in cough remedies by high precision liquid chromatography are also elaborated. This text likewise discusses the separation of hop compounds by reverse-phase HPLC and analysis of polymethoxylated flavones in orange juice and fruit parts. This book is a good reference for food technologists and researchers conducting work on liquid chromatographic analysis of food and beverages.

  • Physical Methods in Modern Chemical Analysis V1

    • 1 Edición
    • Theodore Kuwana
    • Inglés
    Physical Methods in Modern Chemical Analysis, Volume 1 presents the fundamental principles, the instrumentation or necessary equipment, and applications of selected physical methodologies in chemical analysis. This volume contains chapters on gas chromatography; principles and instrumentation of mass spectrometry; fluorescence and atomic absorption spectroscopy; applications, scope, and structural problems of mass spectrometry; and flame and plasma emission methods of analysis. Chemists, researchers, and students of chemistry will find the book an excellent reference material.

  • Molecular Spectroscopy

    Modern Research
    • 1 Edición
    • K.N. Rao
    • Inglés
    Molecular Spectroscopy: Modern Research explores the advances in several phases of research in molecular spectroscopy. This eight-chapter book commemorates the 25th anniversary of the annual Columbus Symposium on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy, held in September, 1970. This book highlights the spectroscopic studies of molecular species in the gas phase and in matrices. Representative articles are also included that cover the applications of molecular studies in a wide variety of areas such as biophysics, astrophysical problems, and energy transfer processes. Other chapters describe the progress achieved in the technology of high resolution spectroscopy and the techniques and terminology of Lamb-dip spectroscopy. A comprehensive bibliography is included for most of the subjects discussed and this text concludes with tables of standard data listing secondary wavelength standards, fundamental constants, atomic masses, and conversion factors of interest to spectroscopists. Spectroscopists, chemists, and researchers will find this work invaluable.

  • Solvent Effects on Chemical Phenomena

    • 1 Edición
    • Edward Amis
    • Inglés
    Solvent Effects on Chemical Phenomena, Volume I discusses the developments in the understanding of solvent effects on chemical phenomena in solution. This five-chapter volume begins with a discussion on the general concepts of various solvation types, including positive and negative, inner and outer sphere, and mixed component. The subsequent chapter deals with the determination of the actual solvation number for single ions. A short list of the total effective hydration numbers of electrolytes determined from temperature dependence of proton shifts is also provided in this chapter. Another chapter presents a number of examples of the unusual properties of certain mixed aqueous systems. The solvent effects on reaction rates and mechanisms are highlighted in the concluding chapter. This chapter also covers various types of solvents, such as protic and dipolar aprotic. The enthalpy and entropy of activation in salvation and the Finkelstein reactions are also discussed. Research chemists and scientists, teachers, and students with courses in solution chemistry will greatly benefit from this volume.

  • Advances in Magnetic Resonance

    The Waugh Symposium
    • 1 Edición
    • Warren S. Warren
    • Inglés
    Advances in Magnetic Resonance: The Waugh Symposium, Volume 14 is a collection of manuscripts presented at the 1989 symposium on “High Resolution NMR in Solids”, held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The contributors provide 20- to 30-page articles consistent with AMR’s traditional emphasis on quantitative analysis of NMR techniques. Organized into 13 chapters, this book discusses the principles triple-quantum filtered two-dimensional exchange spectroscopy and its application in the measurement of cross correlation between pairs of dipole-dipole interactions. It then describes alternative ways of using fictitious spin in pulsed nuclear quadrupole resonance or NMR. General topics on the application of optical spectroscopy; the saturation of spin-spin energy by slow continuous bulk rotation; the frequency-switched Lee-Goldburg pulse cycle; and high-resolution proton NMR in solid systems are also explored. A chapter examines an entirely different view of spin dynamics in the presence of radio-frequency fields. This book also deals with the theoretical background and application of solid-state and zero-field NMR spectroscopies to structure determination. Lastly, the utilization of the Floquet formalism in the design of broadband propagators in two-level systems and the two classes of novel NMR phenomena related to the symmetrization postulate are discussed. Analytical and quantum chemists, physicists, biochemists, and materials science researchers will find this book invaluable.

  • Structural Studies on Nucleic acids and Other Biopolymers

    • 1 Edición
    • J Duchesne
    • Inglés
    Physico-chemical Properties of Nucleic Acids, Volume II basically deals with the structural studies on nucleic acids and other biopolymers. This volume gives much emphasis on conformational changes using spectroscopic techniques and also on methods of thermodynamics and hydrodynamics. Volume II begins with Chapter 10 as continuation of Volume I and discusses the infrared and Raman spectroscopy of nucleic acids and polynucleotides. Chapter 11 delves further into the topic of infrared and Raman spectra particularly the vibrations in the base-residues. This volume also highlights the topic of RNA, where the structure of viral RNA and nuclear magnetic resonance studies of transfer RNAs in solution are covered. The last two chapters discuss the concept of thermodynamic and hydrodynamic properties of conformation transitions and changes. This volume caters to both students and researchers in various fields of science, such as biology, chemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, and microbiology.

  • Principles of Chemical Kinetics

    • 1 Edición
    • Gorden Hammes
    • Inglés
    Principles of Chemical Kinetics is devoted to the principles and applications of chemical kinetics. The phenomenology and commonly used theories of chemical kinetics are presented in a critical manner, with particular emphasis on collision dynamics. How and what mechanistic information can be obtained from various experimental approaches is stressed throughout this book. Comprised of nine chapters, this text opens with an overview of reaction rates and their empirical analysis, along with theories of chemical kinetics. The following chapters consider reactions and unimolecular decompositions in the gas phase; chemical reactions in molecular beams; and energy transfer and partitioning in chemical reactions. Kinetics in liquid solutions and fast reactions in liquids are also described. The final chapter looks at the kinetics of enzymes, with particular reference to steady state and transient state kinetics, the pH and temperature dependence of kinetic parameters, and the mechanism underlying enzymatic action. This monograph is intended for students with a general college background in chemistry, physics, and mathematics, and with a typical undergraduate course in physical chemistry.

  • Synthetic Multidentate Macrocyclic Compounds

    • 1 Edición
    • Reed Izatt
    • Inglés
    Synthetic Multidentate Macrocyclic Compounds attempts to bring together selected chapters in which the authors discuss in depth investigations in important areas of macrocycle research. The chapters deal mainly with macrocyclic compounds (saturated polyethers and their derivatives), and macrobicyclic compounds (cryptates). The book contains six chapters and opens with a first-hand account of the initial synthesis of the cyclic polyethers. This is followed by separate chapters on the synthesis of cyclic polyethers, polyether amines, and polyether sulfides; the synthesis of multidentate compounds; and the structure of synthetic macrocyclic compounds and their cation complexes. Subsequent chapters deal with the rates of reactions and the mechanism by which synthetic macrocyclic ligands complex substrates in solution; and commercial applications of the synthetic macrocyclic ligands. This book is primarily aimed at researchers and students in organic, physical, analytical, and inorganic chemistry, and in chemical engineering. However, it will also be of interest to many in the areas of biology, biochemistry, and physiology. Extensive literature references are found in each chapter.

  • Computer-Based Medical Consultations: MYCIN

    • 1 Edición
    • Edward Shortliffe
    • Inglés
    Computer-Based Medical Consultations: MYCIN focuses on MYCIN, a novel computer-based expert system designed to assist physicians with clinical decisions concerning the selection of appropriate therapy for patients with infections. It discusses medical computing, artificial intelligence, and the clinical problem areas for which the MYCIN program is designed, and it describes in detail how the MYCIN program helps physicians in making decisions. Comprised of seven chapters, this volume begins with an overview of MYCIN and the criteria used in its design. It then discusses data structures and control structures in the context of prior work regarding rule-based problem-solving, inferential model building and inexact reasoning in medicine. The book also explores MYCIN'S ability to answer questions with respect to its knowledge base and the details of a specific consultation, evaluation and future extensions of the MYCIN system, the limitations and accomplishments of MYCIN, and its contributions in artificial intelligence and computer-based medical decision making. This book is a valuable source of information for computer scientists and members of the medical community.

  • Nonaqueous Electrolytes Handbook

    • 1 Edición
    • G.J. Janz
    • Inglés
    Nonaqueous Electrolytes Handbook, Volume II, is an authoritative and updated information source for nonaqueous solvent systems. The information in this handbook covers literature to 1973 and includes data for some 310 solvent systems. This volume has been organized to include 11 well-defined areas: Solubilities of Electrolytes; EMF and Potentiometric Titrations; Vapor Pressures; Cryoscopy; Heats of Solution Calorimetry; Polarography; Ligand Exchange Rates and Electrode Reactions; Electrical Double Layer; Spectroscopy and Structure of Electrolytes; Organic Electrolyte Battery Systems; and Additional References and Data Sources. The section on polarography is divided further according to inorganic electrolytes, organic electrolytes, and organometallic compounds, in order to present the wealth of data in a concise and orderly manner. As in Volume I, the last section covers additional data sources, reviews, and data and references that were received too late to include in the earlier sections. The method of presentation of material is briefly described in the introduction to each section to facilitate the use of the tabulated information and bibliographies are given at the end of each section. A Compound Index is included.

  • Polymer Liquid Crystals

    • 1 Edición
    • A Ciferri
    • Inglés
    Polymer Liquid Crystals covers the significant developments in the field of highlight oriented polymers. This 12-chapter book emerged from lectures presented during the seminar "Polymer Liquid Crystals: Science and Technology", held at Santa Margherita Ligure, Italy on May 19-23, 1981. The opening chapters highlight the molecular basis of liquid crystallinity. The subsequent chapters deal with the synthesis, structure, properties, and macroscopic phenomena of polymer liquid crystals. These topics are followed by descriptions of the orientation of liquid crystals, specifically the instabilities in low molecular weight nematic and cholesteric liquid crystals. The final chapters consider the applications of these crystals to display devices and the advances in high-strength fibers and molecular composites. This book will be of great value to polymer liquid crystal chemists and researchers.

  • Experiments for Living Chemistry

    • 1 Edición
    • David Ucko
    • Inglés
    Experiments for Living Chemistry provides practical, ""hands-on"" experiments illustrating the concepts, substances, and techniques that are important to students in the health-related sciences. Many of these experiments are based on physiological substances to show students how chemical principles apply to the functioning of their own bodies, while other experiments use cut-outs to help students visualize such complex concepts as bonding and protein synthesis. This book is organized into 23 chapters that correspond on a chapter by chapter basis with the Living Chemistry textbook. The first five chapters include discussions on matter, measurement, chemical bonding, compounds, chemical change, gases, and respiration. The subsequent chapters deal with water, solutions, acids, bases, salts, hydrocarbons, and nuclear and organic chemistry. Other chapters explore the oxygen and other derivatives of the hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes, and digestion. Considerable chapters are devoted to the metabolism of carbohydrate, energy, lipid, and proteins. The remaining chapters examine the heredity and protein synthesis, vitamins, hormones, body fluids, drugs, and poisons. At the end of each chapter, there are sets of questions designed to help the student relate the laboratory experiments to the textbook and to the lecture portion of the course. Each experiment in the chapter has a corresponding question set that should be answered only after the experiment has been completed. This book is an invaluable study guide to chemistry teachers and undergraduate students.

  • Automatic Titrators

    • 1 Edición
    • J Philips
    • Inglés
    Automatic Titrators focuses on the contributions and effects of modern automation on volumetric analysis. The book presents titration as a modern instrumental method in this kind of analysis. Divided into nine chapters, the book proceeds by defining the value of automatic titration methods. The text also outlines the general considerations of titrate design wherein instrumental indicators, recorders, and controllers are given emphasis. Automatic potentiometric titrates are also discussed. A historical tracing of these titrators is presented as well as the trends and kinds of modern automatic titrators. The book also touches on automatic photometric and automatic coulometric titrators. Supporting discussions focus on photosensitive devices; photometric titration curves; coulometric circuits; instruments with potentiometric, amperometric, and photometric indication; and multipurpose coulometric titrators. The book ends by fully discussing automatic and continuous titrators, commercially available titrators, and applications of automatic titration methods. The selection can best serve those wanting to explore the function of titrators in volumetric analysis.

  • Ozonation in Organic Chemistry V1

    • 1 Edición
    • Philip S. Bailey
    • Inglés
    Ozonation in Organic chemistry, Volume I: Olefinic Compounds covers the historical background of ozone reactions with organic substances and the mechanisms of these reactions. Composed of 12 chapters, this book first deals with the development of the available theory of all ozone reactions, such as the Harries and Staudinger theories, particularly the Criegee mechanism of ozonolysis. This text then describes the step-by-step mechanism of the classical ozonolysis reaction of olefins and how it evolved. Considerable chapters are devoted to the reactions that compete with ozonolysis, such as epoxidation and other partial cleavage reactions. Both liquid- and gas-phase ozone reactions are explored in other chapters. This volume will appeal to those who are interested in exploring the frontiers of ozone-organic chemistry.

  • The Organic Chemist's Book of Orbitals

    • 1 Edición
    • William Jorgensen
    • Inglés
    The Organic Chemist's Book of Orbitals focuses on the mechanisms, stereochemistry, and reactivity of molecular orbitals. Composed of four chapters, the book outlines how molecular orbitals are created by delocalization. Concerns include CC and CH single-bond orbitals; bond orbitals and group orbitals; and the localized orbitals of CH2 and CH3 groups. Schematic diagrams are presented to show the nature, reactions, and compositions of molecular orbitals. The text offers a list of molecules and orbital occupancies. Orbital drawings are presented to show the differences of the molecular orbitals of hydrogen, water, ammonia, methane, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and acetylene. The book also provides an index of references for the molecular geometries and orbital energies employed in the orbital drawings. Considering the weight of data presented, the book is a great find for readers interested in studying molecular orbitals.

  • symmetry In Coordination Chemistry

    • 1 Edición
    • John P. Jr. Fackler
    • Inglés
    Symmetry in Coordination Chemistry provides a comprehensive discussion of molecular symmetry. It attempts to bridge the gap between the elementary ideas of bonding and structure learned by freshmen, and those more sophisticated concepts used by the practicing chemist. The book emphasizes the use of symmetry in describing the bonding and structure of transition metal coordination compounds. The book begins with a review of basic concepts such as molecular symmetry, coordination numbers, symmetry classification, and point group symmetry. This is followed by separate chapters on the electronic, atomic, and magnetic properties of d-block transition elements; the representation of orbital symmetries in a manner consistent with the point group of a molecule. Also included are discussions of vibrational symmetry; crystal field theory, ligand field theory, and molecular orbital theory; and the chemistry of a select few d-block transition elements and their compounds. This book is meant to supplement the traditional course work of junior-senior inorganic students. It is for them that the problems and examples have been chosen.

  • Recent Progress in Photobiology

    • 1 Edición
    • E Bowen
    • Inglés
    Recent Progress in Photobiology contains the proceedings of the Fourth International Photobiology Congress, held in Oxford on July 26-30, 1964 and organized by a committee set up by the British Photobiology Group. Contributors explore the developments in photobiology, particularly with respect to biological structures, chemical changes, and molecular energy. This volume is organized into 10 sections encompassing 33 chapters and begins with an overview of basic photochemical processes that have direct implications on photobiology. The next chapters discuss the photochemistry of nucleic acids and their derivatives, with some reference to their biological significance. The book also studies the visual processes in humans and animals; the structure, pigment chemistry, and function of photoreceptor systems of plant and animal cells; and receptor mechanisms in human vision. The natural photoenvironment and its influence on life and development is also explained, emphasizing how light shapes the ultimate fate of an organism in its habitat. The remaining chapters focus on energy conversion and photosynthesis; micro-irradiation of cells; photochemistry and photobiology of space research; light and melanin pigmentation of the skin; and the effect of light on plant and animal cells. This book will be of interest to biologists and physiologists, as well as to anyone engaged in photobiological research.

  • Ion-Containing Polymers

    Physical Properties and Structure
    • 1 Edición
    • A. Eisenberg
    • Inglés
    Ion-Containing Polymers: Physical Properties and Structure is Volume 2 of the series Polymer Physics. This book aims to fill in the gap in literature regarding the physical aspects of ion-containing polymers. A total of five chapters comprise this book. The Introduction (Chapter 1) generally deals with the application of ion-containing polymers, general classification, and the available works regarding the subject. Chapter 2 establishes the concepts of supermolecular structure and glass transitions in terms of the effects of ionic forces in polymers. These chapters provide the context in the discussion of viscoelastic properties of homopolymers and copolymers in Chapters 3 and 4. Finally, Chapter 5 tackles the configuration-depend... properties of ion-containing polymers. This volume will be of particular help to students in the field of physics and chemistry.

  • Polyatomic Molecules

    Results of ab Initio Calculations
    • 1 Edición
    • Robert S. Mulliken
    • Inglés
    Polyatomic Molecules: Results of Ab Initio Calculations describes the symmetry of polyatomic molecules in ground states. This book contains 12 chapters that also cover the excited and ionized states of these molecules. The opening chapter describes the nature of the various ab initio computational methods. The subsequent four chapters deal with the three-atom systems, differing with respect to the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecules. These chapters also discuss the reaction surfaces of these systems. These topics are followed by discussions on the molecules whose ground states belong to relatively high, little or no symmetry groups. The concluding chapters explore the inorganic and relatively large organic molecules. These chapters also examine the ab initio calculations of molecular compounds and complexes, as well as hydrogen bonding and ion hydration. This text will be of great value to organic and inorganic chemists and physicists.

  • Chemical Sensor Technology, Volume 4

    • 1 Edición
    • S. Yamauchi
    • Inglés
    This volume is the fourth in a series of annual reviews on progress in the research and technology, both basic and applied, of chemical sensors. New principles, new devices, and the detailed mechanism of various chemical sensors are described. Chemical sensors continue to grow rapidly in importance encompassing a broad spectrum of technologies covering safety, pollution, fuel economy, medical engineering and industrial processes. More than half the papers in this volume are relevant to biosensing, a strategic field for medical and health care equipment, especially in geriatric medicine. Frequent health checks at home will be increasingly necessary as the proportion of the aged in the population steadily grows. In some cases health conditions will have to be monitored constantly to give warnings or provide emergency assistance at the right time. Because biochemical substances play major roles in physiological processes such as metabolism, excitation and contraction of skeletal muscle and neurotransmission, chemical sensing of the related biochemical substances will eventually become indispensable.Each chapter is written by an expert active in the front lines of chemical sensor research. Not only is the technological essence of the subject provided, but also the background and philosophy, an evaluation of achievements to date and problems to be dealt with. Each topic is described in sufficient depth to be useful to researchers worldwide.

  • Silica Glass and Binary Silicate Glasses

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 15A
    • Inglés
    Physical Sciences Data, Volume 15: Handbook of Glass Data: Silica Glass and Binary Silicate Glasses, Part A presents information on the systems capable of forming glasses by cooling melts. This book provides data on the crystallization rates of glasses. Organized into six chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the melt properties for the glass-forming systems. This text then examines the notion of a component that is very significant for determining the number of components in each investigated glass. Other chapters consider the contents of several oxides of the same element but in different valent state as the reason to transfer a glass to the category of the increased number of components. This book discusses as well the analytical composition of glass. The final chapter deals with flotation method using tetrabromoethane and benzene mixture. This book is a valuable resource for glass specialists, chemists, engineers, scientists, and information science workers.

  • Inorganic Solid Fluorides

    Chemistry and Physics
    • 1 Edición
    • Poul Hagenmuller
    • Inglés
    Inorganic Solid Fluorides: Chemistry and Physics deals with the chemical and physical properties of inorganic solid fluorides and covers topics ranging from methods used in the preparation of fluorides to the crystal chemistry of fluorides and transition metal oxyfluorides. Defects in solid fluorides are also discussed, along with fluorine intercalation compounds of graphite and high oxidation states in fluorine chemistry. This book is comprised of 21 chapters and begins with an overview of general trends related to fluorides, including bonding problems and economic implications of fluorides. Some of the methods for the synthesis of inorganic solid fluorides are then described, including gas-phase reactions, reactions in solution, gas-solid reactions, and partial or all solid-state reactions. Subsequent chapters explore the properties of fluoride glasses; ferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism in fluorides; competing spin interactions and frustration effects in fluorides; and electronic conduction in fluorides. Fast fluorine ion conductors and nonlinear properties of fluorides are also considered. The final chapter is devoted to industrial uses of inorganic fluorides. This monograph should be of interest to physicists and inorganic chemists as well as students of physics and inorganic chemistry.

  • Chemistry of The Environment

    • 1 Edición
    • R.A. Bailey
    • Inglés
    Chemistry of the Environment provides a basic level of chemical knowledge on the principles of environmental chemistry and a general understanding of environmental problems. Organized into 17 chapters, this book is developed from the notes for a course in “Chemistry of the Environment” for juniors, seniors, and graduate students in Science and Engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. The opening chapters of this book discuss the problems related to waste disposal and energy production and the principles of atmospheric circulation and photochemical reactions, with an emphasis on the effects of human activities on the atmosphere and climate. Considerable chapters are devoted to various industries, including petroleum chlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides, heavy metals, and nuclear chemistry, and the contributions of these industries to environmental problems. General topics on both natural and technological processes that impinge on the environment are explored. Other chapters discuss the principles of atmospheric photochemistry and the natural and artificial photochemical processes occurring in the biosphere. This book also examines the chemistry of some of the most important elements and how they relate to the properties of the environment and to biological effects. The concluding chapter provides insights into the nature, as well as the sources and the hazards of ionizing radiation in the environment, with particular emphasis on naturally occurring and artificial nuclear sources of ionizing radiation. This book is of great benefit to environmental chemists and researchers, biochemists, and elementary organic chemists.

  • Dielectrics in Time-Dependent Fields

    • 2 Edición
    • Bozzano G Luisa
    • Inglés
    Theory of Electric Polarization, Volume II: Dielectrics in Time-Dependent Fields focuses on the processes, reactions, and principles involved in the application of dielectrics in time-dependent fields, as well as the Kerr effect, statistical mechanics, and polarization. The publication first examines the phenomenological theory of linear dielectrics in time-dependent fields; empirical description of dielectric relaxation; and the relationship between macroscopic and molecular dielectric relaxation behavior. Concerns cover the relationship between macroscopic and microscopic correlation functions; statistical mechanics of linear dissipative systems and the relationship between response functions and correlation functions; superpositions of distribution functions; and the use of complex dielectric constant in problems with time-dependent field sources. The book then ponders on the dipole correlation function, polarization in the infrared and optical frequency range, and the Kerr effect and related phenomena. Discussions focus on the Kerr effect in condensed systems, extensions of the Kerr effect, extrapolation of the refractive index to infinite wavelength, results obtained from computer simulations, rotational diffusion, and general aspects of molecular reorientation. The manuscript tackles the dielectric properties of molecular solids and liquid crystals and experimental determination of permanent dipole and quadrupole moments. The text is a valuable source of data for researchers interested in the application of dielectrics in time-dependent fields.

  • Experimental Quantum chemistry

    • 1 Edición
    • Peter Hedvig
    • Inglés
    Experimental Quantum Chemistry is a comprehensive account of experimental quantum chemistry and covers topics ranging from basic quantum theory to atoms and ions, photons, electrons, and positrons. Nuclei, molecules, and free radicals are also discussed. This volume is comprised of eight chapters and begins with an overview of the basic experiments and ideas leading to the development of quantum theory, with special emphasis on the problems of chemistry. The main properties of electromagnetic radiation are then considered, along with the most important relations of electrons and positrons in chemistry; the quantum theory of isolated atoms and ions; the structure of nuclei and the main applications to organic chemistry; and the chemical structure and reactivity of molecules. The theoretical and experimental aspects of interpreting free radical structures on the basis of the molecular orbital and valence bond theories are also explored. The final chapter is devoted to the chemistry of the organic solid state, paying particular attention to the structure and molecular mobilities of organic solids, collective crystal states (excitons, phonons, and polaritons), energy transfer processes, and reactions in the solid state. This book should be of interest to physicists and organic chemists.

  • Photochemistry and Photobiology of Nucleic Acids

    • 1 Edición
    • Shih-Yi Wang
    • Inglés
    Photochemistry and Photobiology of Nucleic Acids, Volume I: Chemistry covers the historical developments in the study of photobiology and photochemistry of nucleic acid components. This volume is divided into 12 chapters that deal with the isolation and characterization of ultraviolet photoproducts of pyrimidines. After briefly covering the concepts of photochemistry of nucleic acids, this volume goes on describing the UV-induced physical and chemical alterations in nucleic acid components, such as pyrimidines, purines, their nucleosides and nucleotides, and related compounds. Significant chapters are devoted to mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and crystal and molecular structure determinations by X-ray diffraction. Together with the pertinent examples, a short discussion on the theory and techniques is also presented in each chapter. This volume also includes a chapter on radiation chemistry to examine the close relationship between the chemical effects of UV-light and X- or gamma-radiation. This volume is of value to researchers who are active in the study of photochemistry and photobiology in nucleic acids as well as to advanced undergraduate and graduate students interested in this field.

  • Multiphoton Spectroscopy of Molecules

    • 1 Edición
    • S.H. Lin
    • Inglés
    Multiphoton Spectroscopy of Molecules deals with the fundamental theory, methods, and basic results in multiphoton spectroscopy research made possible by using powerful lasers. This book reviews the progress made in visible and UV multiphoton spectroscopy, including the characteristic properties of multiphoton transitions. Certain theoretical methods such as the time-dependent perturbation, density matrix, Green's function, and susceptibility methods, can point to multiphoton transitions in a molecular system, beginning from first principles. This text also describes the technique in detecting two- or three-photon absorption by multiphoton ionization of molecules. A type of optical mass spectroscopy combining spectroscopic information derived from multiphoton absorption with mass spectrometric information has provided interesting results. This book also discusses the polarization behavior of two-photon absorption processes of molecules. Monson, McClain, and Nascimento have investigated the polarization dependence of the two-photon absorption cross section of randomly oriented, nonrotating molecules. his text also presents the spectroscopic results of excited states confirmed when the multiphoton techniques is applied, as well as some experimental and theoretical approaches related to multiphoton spectroscopy of molecules. Nuclear scientists and physicists, atomic researchers, molecular physicists, and academicians in the field of quantum mechanics or physical chemistry will greatly appreciate the book.

  • Pyrolytic Methods in Organic Chemistry

    Application of Flow and Flash Vacuum Pyrolytic Techniques
    • 1 Edición
    • Roger Brown
    • Inglés
    Pyrolytic Methods in Organic Chemistry: Application of Flow and Flash Vacuum Pyrolytic Techniques is concerned with the use of flow pyrolysis and flash vacuum pyrolysis in preparative organic chemistry. Topics covered include pyrolytic generation and reactions of free radicals, arynes, and cyclobutadienes; elimination reactions; rearrangements of carbenes and nitrenes in the gas phase; and fragmentation of cyclic and acyclic structures. Examples of the types of reaction for which flow and flash pyrolytic methods are well suited are provided. This book is comprised of nine chapters and begins by discussing the place of flow and flash vacuum pyrolytic methods in organic chemistry. The next chapter gives an account of apparatus and experimental methods, while the remaining chapters focus on pyrolytic reactions that are grouped together according to the nature of the overall process, the formal structure of the starting material, and mechanistic type. Reactions that are formally related because they involve elimination of a small fragment molecule X-X or X-Y from a larger molecular framework are examined, along with cleavage of carbocyclic systems. The final chapter presents examples of high-temperature rearrangements, focusing on electrocyclic reactions and cycloadditions involving mainly four or six electrons; reactions that proceed through diradical intermediates; and isomerizations of heterocyclic rings. This monograph is intended mainly for practicing academic and industrial organic chemists and for advanced and graduate students.

  • Advances in Magnetic Resonance

    The Waugh Symposium
    • 1 Edición
    • Warren S. Warren
    • Inglés
    Advances in Magnetic Resonance: The Waugh Symposium, Volume 13 is a collection of manuscripts presented at the 1989 conference on “High Resolution NMR in Solids” at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This conference recognizes the accomplishments of John S. Waugh and his colleagues in the entire field of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in solids. Organized into 11 chapters, this book first discusses the principles, limitations, and applications of single crystal, deuterium, proton, and rotational-echo double resonance NMR techniques. It then deals with other NMR methods, such as two-dimensional, electrophoretic, and site-selective excitation NMR, with particular emphasis on their theoretical background and application in solid systems. Other chapters describe several hybrid two-dimensional experiments leading to a significant increase in spectral quality. Discussions on the advantages of utilizing two-dimensional solid-state NMR in studying the complex and highly orientable biological samples such as DNA are provided in the concluding chapters of the book. This volume also provides the 113Cd NMR results in the prediction of the 113Cd shielding tensor orientation in the real ligand geometry at a metal site. Analytical and quantum chemists, physicists, biochemists, and materials science researchers will find this book invaluable.

  • Creativity in organic synthesis

    • 1 Edición
    • Jasjit Bindra
    • Inglés
    Creativity in Organic Synthesis discusses some of the outstanding accomplishments of natural products synthesis. It presents each synthesis using structural formulas and easily readable flowcharts. Each synthesis is preceded by a brief introductory paragraph. The book notes that synthesizing complex organic molecules occupies an important place in the repertoire of the organic chemist. It looks at new synthetic methods and reactions, characterized by exquisite selectivity and stereochemical control in natural products synthesis. The book uses three-dimensional formulas and perspective drawings in order to illustrate the force of arguments predicting the selectivity or stereochemical outcome of key reactions. This book serves as a guide to the selection of proper reagents and reaction conditions and as a valuable source of model transformations. To the practicing chemist, the book should provide a wealth of information on selective transformations. To the student of organic chemistry, it provides an excellent opportunity to study the subject and its application.

  • Ultraviolet Photoelectron and Photoion Spectroscopy, Auger Electron Spectroscopy, Plasma Excitation in Spectrochemical Analysis

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 9
    • G. Svehla
    • Inglés

  • Fluorine Chemistry V4

    • 1 Edición
    • J.H. Simons
    • Inglés
    Fluorine Chemistry, Volume IV provides an extensive survey and discussion on the physiological properties of fluoride ion and substances capable of producing it in aqueous solution. This book elaborates the detrimental effects of excessive fluoride ingestion, through the beneficial effects of optimal amounts, to recognized detrimental effects, such as dental caries accompanied by suboptimal fluoride intake. Fluoride metabolism is discussed in detail, including the capacity for storage of fluoride by the bones and rates of excretion of fluoride from the body. This text also covers the relation of fluoride ion to the health of teeth and bones. This publication is a good source for chemists and clinicians intending to acquire knowledge of the biological effects of fluoride.

  • Spot Tests in Inorganic Analysis

    • 6 Edición
    • F. Feigl + 1 más
    • Inglés
    Many years have passed since the last edition of the present book was published. The discovery during this period of many new reagents has resulted in a vast accumulation of data on their application and made this completely revised edition necessary.Numerous new tests and various new chapters have been added. Chapters 3,4 and 5 of the fifth edition have been combined into one chapter, which is divided into sections devoted to the elements. These sections are arranged in alphabetical order to make for easier location of information on a given element. To further improve the usefulness of the volume, a reference list has been provided for each sub-section followed by a biography of the appropriate quantitative methods.

  • Capillary Electrophoresis

    Theory and Practice
    • 1 Edición
    • Paul D. Grossman + 1 más
    • Inglés
    This book is designed to be a practical guide, used by wide audience, including those new to CE, those more experienced, routine users, those interested in technology development, and those involved with applications research. References have been emphasized to allow the reader to explore the detailed specifics and theoretical foundations.

  • Electrical, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Nucleic acid and Components

    • 1 Edición
    • J Duchesne
    • Inglés
    Physico-chemical Properties of Nucleic Acids, Volume I deals with the intrinsic properties of nucleic acids (macromolecules) and their components. This volume includes the analysis of different types of bindings or interactions mechanisms such as photodynamic and radiation effects and fluorescence. Nine chapters comprise this volume. A number of chapters in the beginning of this book emphasize purines and pyrimidines. Dipole moments and charge transfer interactions are some of the specific topics covered regarding purines and pyrimidines. The topic of nucleic acids and components is discussed in detail in the middle up to the last part of the book, wherein electrical properties and energy transfer are explored. Other aspects covered include developments in fluorescence; free radicals in aqueous solutions; and irradiated single crystals. This volume will cater to undergraduates and graduate students as well as to researchers in the major fields of biology, chemistry, and physics.

  • Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals V1

    • 1 Edición
    • D.S. Chemla
    • Inglés
    Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Molecules and Crystals, Volume 1 discusses the nonlinear optical effects in organic molecules and crystals, providing a classical distinction between quadratic and cubic processes. This book begins with a general overview of the basic properties of organic matter, followed by a review on the benefits derived from quantum-chemistry-ba... models and growth and characterization of high quality, bulk organic crystals and waveguided structures. A case study focusing on a specific material, namely urea, which exemplifies a situation in which transparency in the UV region has been purposely traded for nonlinear efficiency is also deliberated. This text concludes with a description of a type of trade-off between the unpredictable orientation of molecules in crystalline media, polarity of liquid-crystalline structures, and dominant electronic contribution to the electro-optic effect. This publication is beneficial to solid-state physicists and chemists concerned with nonlinear optical properties of organic molecules and crystals.

  • Polymers as Aids in Organic Chemistry

    • 1 Edición
    • N.K Mather
    • Inglés
    Polymers as Aids in Organic Chemistry covers the broad classifications and application of polymers in organic chemistry. This book is organized into 15 chapters that focus on the transformation of polymers and their role in other reagents that must be easily separated from their final product. After a brief introduction to polymer chemistry, the book presents a tabulation of the various types of polymers that have been used and the methods for their characterization. It then discusses the use of polymers as supports in peptide, oligonucleotide, and oligosaccharide chemistry; in peptide sequencing; in monofunctionalized difunctional compounds preparation, as aids in asymmetric syntheses; and as trapping agents in the determination of reaction intermediates. The subsequent chapters describe the use of polymers as catalysts, with particular emphasis on transition metals immobilized in the polymer matrix and used as catalysts. The concluding chapters examine polymer-immobilized compounds, enzymes, and whole cells that have been used to carry out a large number of reaction, most of which impinge on the area of organic chemistry. Polymer scientists and researchers and organic chemists will find this book invaluable.

  • Ballistic Materials and Penetration Mechanics

    • 1 Edición
    • Roy Laible
    • Inglés
    Ballistic Materials and Penetration Mechanics deals with ballistically protective materials and penetration mechanics. The book discusses historical and practical considerations of ballistic protection, including metallic armor, as well as ballistic testing methodology, the ability of a protective material to stop or slow down a particular projectile, and the theoretical aspects of penetration mechanics. It also highlights the importance of stress wave analysis in the penetration and spalling phenomena. Organized into 12 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the history of the armor and the modern helmet. It proceeds with a discussion of variations in ballistic test methods, errors in test methods, and the importance of the hardness and geometry of both the target and the projectile. The next chapters focus on the importance of fibrous armor, materials that are visually transparent and resistant to penetration by high-energy projectiles and fragments, and transparent armor and ceramic composite armor. The reader is also introduced to materials used in the design of metallic armor, the role of stress waves in the penetration problem, and the use of computer simulation to analyze ballistic impact experiments. The book looks at numerical techniques for modeling hypervelocity impact and concludes with a chapter on the penetration mechanics of textile structures. This book is a valuable resource for scientists working at government, industrial, and university laboratories, as well as law enforcement officers and others who want information on materials that provide the best protection against damage from impacts, explosions, and bullets.

  • Physico-Chemical Properties of Selected Anionic, Cationic and Nonionic Surfactants

    • 1 Edición
    • N.M. van Os + 2 más
    • Inglés
    The number of physico-chemical investigations of surfactants in solution, whether aqueous or nonaqueous, has dramatically increased in recent years. However, literature reports on surfactants in solutions are scattered over a plethora of scientific journals and books which differ widely in scope and readership. Such data are often difficult to retrieve because there have been no systematic compilations, with the exception of those for CMCs and for micelle aggregation numbers. The present compilation meets that need by covering, as completely as possible, the physico-chemical properties of selected series of homologous surfactants. These surfactants are in most cases isomerically pure, are well-known, and have been used in numerous academic and industrial studies. The properties include aggregation number, cloud point, CMC, 13C-NMR, correlation length, counterion binding, density, enthalpy of micelle formation, entropy of micelle formation, Gibbs' free energy of micelle formation, head group area, 1H-NMR, hydration number, Krafft temperature, melting point, micelle radius, microscopic viscosity, miscibility curve, partial molar volume, phase inversion temperature, refractive index, self-diffusion coefficient, surface tension, and upper critical temperature. The book also contains two- and three-component phase diagrams of many nonionic surfactants.The solvent is water in most cases; however, some data refer to properties in D2O, electrolyte solutions, and nonaqueous solvents. The variables are temperature and concentration. Where possible, the method of measurement is given. Data on the purity of the compounds and the accuracy of the measurement methods are not included, as these can easily be found in the original sources, which mostly date from the period 1970-1991 and are given at the end of each chapter. The Index section contains a compound index, a property index, a symbol index and a cross index which facilitate easy access to the data.This valuable collection of data will be of great use to anyone involved in Colloid and Surface Science, academics as well as industrial workers, and will stimulate further work.

  • Photochemistry of Air Pollution

    • 1 Edición
    • Philip Leighton
    • Inglés
    Photochemistry of Air Pollution provides information pertinent to air pollution and atmospheric chemistry. This book discusses the photochemical reactions produced by sunlight may convert relatively harmless pollutants into substances that constitute a nuisance, create possible health hazard, and cause economic problem to humans. Organized into 10 chapters, this book starts with an overview of the problem of air pollution, particularly photochemical smog. This text then discusses the factors that collectively determine the amount and spectral distribution of the radiation entering a surface layer of the atmosphere. Other chapters compare the specific absorption rates of several absorbers that are present in the air during periods of photochemical smog, including oxygen, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ketones, peroxides, and particulate matter. The final chapter deals with the process of formation of the substances responsible for the physiological effects of eye irritation and plant damage. This book is a valuable resource for photochemists and air pollution scientists.

  • Aluminum Alloys--Contemporary Research and Applications

    Contemporary Research and Applications
    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 31
    • A. K. Vasudevan + 1 más
    • Inglés
    This book discusses the structure and properties of the current and potential aluminum alloys in terms of their structure (and structural transformations by new processing methods) and the relationship between structure and mechanical and other properties. The alternative materials that challenge aluminum are considered as well, since the challenge of new competitive materials is a strong influence on innovation. The book bridges the gap between current scientific understanding and engineering practice. It is an up-to-date reference that will be of use to researchers and advanced students in metallurgy and materials engineering.

  • The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action

    • 1 Edición
    • Richard B. Silverman
    • Inglés
    This is a new approach to the teaching of medicinal chemistry. The knowledge of the physical organic chemical basis of drug design and drug action allows the reader to extrapolate to the many related classes of drugs described in standard medicinal chemistry texts. Students gain a solid foundation to base future research endeavors upon: drugs not yet developed are thus covered!

  • Writing Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry

    • 1 Edición
    • Audrey Miller + 1 más
    • Inglés
    Presentation is clear and instructive: students will learn to recognize that many of the reactions in organic chemistry are closely related and not independent facts needing unrelated memorization. The book emphasizes that derivation of a mechanism is not a theoretical procedure, but a means of applying knowledge of other similar reactions and reaction conditions to the new reaction.

  • Nitrogen, the Confer-N-s

    • 1 Edición
    • K. van der Hoek + 3 más
    • Inglés
    The First International Nitrogen Conference provided an opportunity for researchers and decision-makers to exchange information on environmental pollution by nitrogen compounds on three scales: global, continental/regional and local. The main topics were air, ground water and surface water pollution; emission sources, atmospheric chemistry, deposition processes and effects; disturbance of nitrogen cycles, critical loads and levels; assessments, policy development and evaluation; target groups and abatement techniques; and new approaches leading to an integrated abatement strategy.The peer-reviewed papers from the Conference presented in this volume will provide readers with a comprehensive review of the transport, deposition and impact on ecosystems of nitrogen.

  • Quantum Chemistry

    • 2 Edición
    • John P. Lowe
    • Inglés
    Praised for its appealing writing style and clear pedagogy, Lowe's Quantum Chemistry is now available in its Second Edition as a text for senior undergraduate- and graduate-level chemistry students. The book assumes little mathematical or physical sophistication and emphasizes an understanding of the techniques and results of quantum chemistry, thus enabling students to comprehend much of the current chemical literature in which quantum chemical methods or concepts are used as tools. The book begins with a six-chapter introduction of standard one-dimensional systems, the hydrogen atom, many-electron atoms, and principles of quantum mechanics. It then provides thorough treatments of variation and perturbation methods, group theory, ab initio theory, Huckel and extended Huckel methods, qualitative MO theory, and MO theory of periodic systems. Chapters are completed with exercises to facilitate self-study. Solutions to selected exercises are included.

  • Handbook of Organic Solvent Properties

    • 1 Edición
    • Ian Smallwood
    • Inglés
    The properties of 72 of the most commonly used solvents are given, tabulated in the most convenient way, making this book a joy for industrial chemists to use as a desk reference. The properties covered are those which answer the basic questions of: Will it do the job? Will it harm the user? Will it pollute the air? Is it easy to handle? Will it pollute the water? Can it be recovered or incinerated? These are all factors that need to be considered at the early stages of choosing a solvent for a new product or process.

  • Object-Oriented Magnetic Resonance

    Classes and Objects, Calculations and Computations
    • 1 Edición
    • Michael Mehring + 1 más
    • Inglés
    This book presents, for the first time, a unified treatment of the quantum mechanisms of magnetic resonance, including both nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron spin resonance (ESR). Magnetic resonance is perhaps the most advanced type of spectroscopy and it is applied in biology, chemistry, physics, material science, and medicine. If applied in conjunction with spectroscopy, the imaging version of magnetic resonance has no counterpart in any type of experimental technique. The authors present explanations and applications from fundamental to advanced levels.

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