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Elsevier

Libros en Ciencias de la Tierra y Planetarias

  • Glacial Geology

    An Introduction for Engineers and Earth Scientists
    • 1 Edición
    • N. Eyles
    • Inglés
    An introduction for courses that involve some knowledge of glacial geology and sediments of formerly glaciated terrains. The early chapters describe depositional processes at modern glacier and ice-sheet margins relating sediments and landforms in recurring "landsystems". Later chapters portray the distribution of these landsystems in Pleistocene glaciated terrains of the mid-latitudes, focussing on commonly encountered problems in various fields from stratigraphic and sedimentological investigations to construction problems relating to roads and dams. The resulting text is a summation of a large body of literature previously accessible only to specialists. A substantial reference list is complemented by cross-references throughout.

  • Crystallography

    An Introduction for Earth Science (and other Solid State) Students
    • 1 Edición
    • E. J. W. Whittaker
    • Inglés
    Starting from the basic features of crystal morphology and symmetry without assuming that the reader knows anything about crystals this textbook shows how they provide an insight into the way in which crystals are based on a repeating pattern of atoms. After summarizing and comparing the main features of the seven crystal systems and thirty-two crystal classes, the book goes on to treat X-ray crystallography in sufficient detail to provide an understanding of its uses in identification and in textural and structural studies, and to relate it to selected area electron diffraction methods in the electron microscope. Thus the student is brought to a level where he can understand the significance of crystallographic work, and has a thorough background if he wishes to move on to more specialist works. Problems and answers are included

  • The Upper Mantle

    • 1 Edición
    • A. R. Ritsema
    • Inglés
    Developments in Geotectonics, 4: The Upper Mantle focuses on the upper mantle and its influence on the development of the earth's crust, including history of the moon and other planets and volcanology. The selection first offers information on the origin of the earth, including ideas on the formation process of the terrestrial planets, condensation of dust particles, nature of the earth's core, thermal history of the earth, and fractionation of iron in the terrestrial planets. The text then ponders on the beginning of continental evolution, as well as the oldest rocks of the earth's crust, thermal history of the moon, and early history of the other planets. The text elaborates on magmatic activity as the major process in the chemical evolution of the earth's crust and mantle; trends in the evolution of continents; progress and problems in volcanology; and pressure and temperature conditions and tectonic significance of regional and ocean-floor metamorphism. The manuscript also takes a look at the state of mantle minerals, melting temperatures in the earth's mantle, and geomagnetic induction studies and the electrical state of the upper mantle. The publication is a dependable reference for readers interested in the study of the upper mantle.

  • Deconvolution and Inverse Theory

    Application to Geophysical Problems
    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 29
    • V. Dimri
    • Inglés
    This is the first study to present simultaneously both deconvolution and inversion, two powerful tools of data analysis. Featured within this volume are various geophysical convolution models and a treatment of deconvolution for a time-varying signal. The single channel time-varying deconvolution is shown equivalent to the multichannel time-invariant deconvolution, thus a formalism and associated algorithms can handle both. Inverse theory as well as various inversion schemes are presented on the basis of a relationship between a small perturbation to the model and its effects on the observation. The information theory inversion scheme is discussed, and several types of norm of minimization presented. Additionally, concepts and results of inverse theory are applied to design a new deconvolution operator for estimating magnetization and density distribution, and the constraint of the Backus-Gilbert formalism of inverse theory is used to design a new prediction error filter for maximum entropy spectral estimates. Maximum likelihood, another high resolution method is also presented. This volume can be utilised as a graduate-level text for courses in Geophysics. Some chapters will be of use for graduate courses in Applied Mathematics, Applied Statistics, and Oceanography.

  • Water at the Surface of the Earth

    An Introduction to Ecosystem Hydrodynamics
    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 21
    • David H. Miller
    • J. Van Mieghem
    • Inglés
    For advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in atmospheric, oceanic, and climate science, Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics is an introductory textbook on the circulations of the atmosphere and ocean and their interaction, with an emphasis on global scales. It will give students a good grasp of what the atmosphere and oceans look like on the large-scale and why they look that way. The role of the oceans in climate and paleoclimate is also discussed. The combination of observations, theory and accompanying illustrative laboratory experiments sets this text apart by making it accessible to students with no prior training in meteorology or oceanography.

  • Impact of Aerospace Technology on Studies of the Earth's Atmosphere

    • 1 Edición
    • A.K. Oppenheim
    • Inglés
    Impact of Aerospace Technology on Studies of the Earth's Atmosphere is a 13-chapter book that describes the studies that use space-based instruments to explore many qualities of the atmosphere. This text presents the studies about the Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, climate, and pollution. The International Magnetospheric Study is also covered. The use of fluorescent ion jets, lasers, space vehicles, and equipments on board Concorde 001 in this field of interest is explained as well. This book will be very useful as a base from which all nations can think out their own programs of equipment, measurement, and use in the study of Earth's atmosphere.

  • Advances in Irrigation

    Volume 4
    • 1 Edición
    • Daniel Hillel
    • Inglés
    Advances in Irrigation, Volume 4 covers articles on the development and management of irrigation. The book presents articles on the improved method for distributing water in furrows, termed cablegation; the analysis of drip irrigation design based on the criterion of statistical uniformity; and the spatial distribution of water in sprinkling-irrigatio... systems. The text also includes articles on the critical evaluation of crop yields as influenced by irrigation uniformity; the concept of evapotranspiration from the scale of a field to the scale of an entire region; as well as the drainage of irrigated lands under sequential water application. Articles on the comparison of several models for the purpose of appraising the effect of irrigation on wheat and barley yields and on the economics of kiwifruit production under irrigation in New Zealand are also encompassed. The book concludes with an article about the modification and testing of a model simulating root and shoot growth as related to soil water dynamics. Agriculturists, agricultural engineers, and hydrologists will find the book invaluable.

  • Rock Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 3
    • G.J.S. Govett
    • Inglés
    Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry, Volume 3: Rock Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration focuses on the application of rock geochemistry in mineral exploration, including deposits of plutonic association, volcanic and sedimentary association, and sequence of geochemical exploration. The publication first elaborates on geochemistry in the exploration sequence, crustal abundance, geochemical behavior of elements, and problems of sampling and recognition of geochemical anomalies. Discussions focus on population partition, spatial distribution of data, abundance of elements, classification and geochemical behavior of elements, principles underlying geochemical exploration, sequence of geochemical exploration, and main types of geochemical surveys. The text then takes a look at regional scale exploration for deposits of plutonic association; regional scale exploration for vein and replacement deposits; and regional scale exploration for stratiform deposits of volcanic and sedimentary association. The book ponders on the synthesis of geochemical responses and operational conclusions, local and mine scale exploration for stratiform deposits of volcanic and sedimentary association in Cyprus, Turkey, and Oceania, New Brunswick deposits, and Precambrian, Proterozoic, and Kuroko deposits. The text is a valuable reference for researchers interested in the application of rock geochemistry in mineral exploration.

  • Theory of Planetary Atmospheres

    An Introduction to Their Physics and Chemistry
    • 2 Edición
    • Volumen 36
    • John Marshall + 1 más
    • Inglés
    For advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in atmospheric, oceanic, and climate science, Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics is an introductory textbook on the circulations of the atmosphere and ocean and their interaction, with an emphasis on global scales. It will give students a good grasp of what the atmosphere and oceans look like on the large-scale and why they look that way. The role of the oceans in climate and paleoclimate is also discussed. The combination of observations, theory and accompanying illustrative laboratory experiments sets this text apart by making it accessible to students with no prior training in meteorology or oceanography.

  • The River Nile

    Geology, Hydrology and Utilization
    • 1 Edición
    • R. Said
    • Inglés
    This multidisciplinary book by the author of The Geology of Egypt is the result of many years of research. It attempts to reconstruct the history of the River Nile from its origins to its present shape and regimen and also to ascertain the amount of water which has been carried by the river during the course of its history. It examines the manner in which this water was utilized in the past and the ways in which it will have to be used in future if the inhabitants of the river basin are to cope with their anticipated needs.Part One traces the geological history of the Nile from the time it started to excavate its valley some six million years ago until the present shape was assumed during the wet period which affected Africa after the retreat of the ice of the last glacial age some 10,000 years ago. Part Two deals with the amount of water that the river and its tributaries carry at present and have carried in the past. Part Three discusses the utilization of the water of the Nile from the time of the first appearance of man in the valley until the present time. It traces man's attempt to harness the river from the earliest time to the building of the Aswan High Dam. The book evaluates the effects of the dam after twenty years of operation. Part Four covers the present water supply-demand balance in each basin state and discusses the future plans of these countries to use the waters of the Nile. The rapidly growing populations and the prolonged droughts of recent years have put pressure upon the available waters of the river.

  • Industrial Minerals and Rocks

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 18
    • M. Kucera
    • Inglés
    Industrial Minerals and Rocks is a collection of research papers concerning the study of industrial mineral deposits. This work is composed of 17 chapters that specifically highlight the research done by Czech and Slovak economic geologists in non-metallic deposits, including talc, magnesite, kaolin, and clay. After an introduction to the history of industrial minerals and rocks, this book goes on reviewing the origin, principal element cycle, genetic types, form, and size of these deposits. Considerable chapters describe the deposits of industrial minerals, rocks, and building raw materials. The remaining chapters deal with the geophysical methods prospecting and exploration and production of industrial raw materials, rocks, and minerals. This book will prove useful to mineral geologists and researchers.

  • Surveying Instruments and their Operational Principles

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 62
    • L. Fialovszky
    • Inglés
    The book gives a detailed theoretical background of the constructional principles of instruments necessary for the most general tasks of surveying. Undergraduate and graduate students will find it very useful in surveying studies to get acquainted with the broad variety of instruments, both classical and new ones. At the same time, specialists in surveying will also find the book full of new material. The book contains about 600 pictures, including photographs and detailed descriptions of the most representative types of instrumentation. Older types of instruments already out of use, or used only occasionally, are described in broad outline, mentioning basic principles, methods of testing and possibilities for their modernization. New categories of instruments, such as gyroscopes, compensation levelling instruments, electronic theodolites, distance meters and tacheometers, are dealt with in more detail. Care has been taken to include the automation which is rapidly spreading in all fields of instrument manufacture, being necessary to reduce manual operations.The book is intended for builders, architects, technicians, teachers of surveying and professional manufacturers.

  • Contouring

    A Guide to the Analysis and Display of Spatial Data
    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 10
    • Debbie Watson
    • Daniel F Merriam
    • Inglés
    This unique book is the key to computer contouring, exploring in detail the practice and principles using a personal computer. Contouring allows a three dimensional view in two dimensions and is a fundamental technique to represent spatial data. All aspects of this type of representation are covered including data preparation, selecting contour intervals, interpolation and griding, computing volumes and output and display.Formulated for both the novice and the experienced user, this book initially conducts the reader through a step by step explanation of PC software and its application to personal data, and then presents the rationale and concepts for contouring using the computer.Accompanyin... the book is a set of BASIC programs, in ASCII format, on an MS-DOS 360KB floppy disk. These programs implement eighteen interpolation methods, five gradient estimation techniques, and seven types of display, and are designed to be adapted or combined to suit a wide range of possible objectives concerning either the comparative study of contouring methodology or the practical production of contour displays.

  • Random Field Models in Earth Sciences

    • 1 Edición
    • George Christakos
    • Inglés
    This book is about modeling as a prinicipal component of scientific investigations. In general terms, modeling is the funamental process of combining intellectual creativity with physical knowledge and mathematical techniques in order to learn the properties of the mechanisms underlying a physical phenomenon and make predictions. The book focuses on a specific class of models, namely, random field models and certain of their physical applications in the context of a stochastic data analysis and processing research program. The term application is considered here in the sense wherein the mathematical random field model is shaping, but is also being shaped by, its objects.

  • Dynamics of Climate

    The Proceedings of a Conference on the Application of Numerical Integration Techniques to the Problem of the General Circulation Held October 26-28, 1955
    • 1 Edición
    • Richard L Pfeffer
    • Inglés
    Dynamics of Climate covers the proceedings of a Conference on the Application of Numerical Integration Techniques to the Problem of the General Circulation, held in Princeton University on October 26-28, 1955. This conference considers the problems involved in studying the general circulation of the earth's atmosphere by the numerical integration of suitable mathematical models. This book is organized into five parts encompassing 20 chapters. After providing a brief introduction to the subject, this book goes on dealing with the problem of forecasting climatic fluctuations. The second part discusses the numerical prediction and the general circulation of the atmosphere up to mean zonal circulation cause by topography and heating. The third part surveys other studies of the general circulation and climatic change, particularly the Earth's atmosphere and the main effect of the unequal heating. The fourth part covers the radiation studies including problems involved in introducing the long-wave radiative effects and the potential theory formulation of radiative-heat transfer which unveils some notations that will be used to express mathematical statements. The fifth part looks into the energy transformation, further researches, and other applications of these discoveries. This book is of value to meteorologists, mathematicians, and researchers in other climate-related fields.

  • Geochemical Exploration 1982

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 17
    • G.R. Parslow
    • Inglés
    Developments in Economic Geology, Volume 17: Geochemical Exploration 1982 provides an outline of several significant areas of technical communications in relation to the mining industry. This book discusses the role of governments, universities, and industries in the search for and development of the natural resources. Organized into 56 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the significant role that technical communications play in everyday activities. This text then examines the geochemical case histories for soil and lake-sediment surveys. Other chapters consider the chemistry of deep ground waters from throughout the Athabasca Basin. This book discusses as well the uranium mineralization of the McClean Lake Area deposits, which can be described as belonging to two different facies. The final chapter deals with the application of factor analysis for the purpose of identifying areas potentially favorable for uranium deposits. This book is a valuable resource for scientists and mineral engineers.

  • Advances in Irrigation

    Volume 3
    • 1 Edición
    • Daniel Hillel
    • Inglés
    Advances in Irrigation, Volume 3 covers state-of-the-art reviews of topics related to the rapidly advancing theory and practice of irrigation. The book presents articles on the design development and evaluation of the first- and second-generation traveling trickle irrigation system and the management and control options for efficient irrigation and various cultivation practices; as well as the irrigation practice for crop culture in the Southeastern United States. The text also includes articles on the application of time-domain reflectometry to irrigation scheduling; the aspects of water management and irrigation in India based on physiological and phenological considerations; and the estimation and quantification of evapotranspiration. An article on a model simulating water stress effects on corn yield is also encompassed. Agronomists, hydraulic engineers, and agriculturists will find the book invaluable.

  • Advances in Hydroscience

    Volume 8
    • 1 Edición
    • Ven Te Chow
    • Inglés
    Advances in Hydroscience, Volume 8, provides an overview of the state of knowledge in hydroscience. The book contains six chapters and opens with a study on seiches—a phenomenon that frequently occurs in large enclosed bodies of water and that can result in serious destruction of shore structures and bring sudden death to innocent swimmers. This phenomenon bears certain resemblances to the tsunamis and storm surges over the open sea. Subsequent chapters deal with the basic principles underlying the techniques in isotope hydrology; statistical models for ocean waves and wave forces; fluvial sediment transport; impulsive waves; and channel networks. This contribution will prove particularly useful to hydrologists, since most work in this field has been done by physicists or other non-hydrologists.

  • Geological Problem Solving with Lotus 1-2-3 for Exploration and Mining Geology

    • 1 Edición
    • G.S. Koch
    • Daniel F Merriam
    • Inglés
    Presents effective methods for using Lotus 1-2-3 techniques to solve problems in exploration and mining geology. 1-2-3 programmes are provided in conjunction with named worksheets or templates, together with brief explanatory text. Problem solving is based on a well-established and maintained software package. A floppy diskette is supplied enabling users, following brief instructions, to solve problems immediately.

  • Drainage Geochemistry

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 6
    • M. Hale + 1 más
    • Inglés
    The considerable exploration success achieved by geochemistry over the last several decades - and still continuing - has provided both the basis and rationale for the Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry series, including Volume 6, Drainage Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration. With contributions from 25 experts of truly global professional experience in drainage geochemistry, this book is a thorough appraisal of the state of the art in the use of surface and sub-surface waters, stream and lake sediments, heavy minerals for mineral exploration in tropical rain forests, temperate glaciated terrains, mountain chains, arid deserts and regions of agricultural and industrial pollution. Additional attention is given to gold and uranium exploration, and to the growing role of drainage geochemistry as a multi-purpose environmental mapping technique with applications in human health studies, ore deposit modelling and pollution monitoring. It comprises 16 chapters, more than 250 figures and a bibliography of some 1600 references.This book is the most extensive and detailed single work on the principles and applications of drainage geochemistry in mineral exploration blending both theoretical considerations and practical implementations.

  • Solar Houses in Europe

    How They Have Worked
    • 1 Edición
    • W. Palz + 1 más
    • Inglés
    Solar Houses in Europe: How they have Worked? is a seven-chapter text that presents monitored data from houses in various C.E.C. countries and climates, highlighting the performance of typical solar heating systems. The opening chapter introduces solar heating systems, solar collectors, heat storage, and the concept of circulation and control in solar heating systems. The succeeding chapters deal with the factors that influence the heating system's daily, monthly, and annual performance. A chapter focuses on the design requirements for solar collectors, primary circuit, heat storage, and system controls. These topics are followed by statistical summaries and a discussion of the importance of system monitoring. The concluding chapter discusses various solar heating project results. This book is of value to building engineers, architects, solar energy experts, and solar house owners.

  • Supercomputers in Seismic Exploration

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 21
    • E. Eisner
    • Klaus Helbig
    • Inglés
    Provides an authoritative overview of the role which computers now play in the field of seismology and discusses ways in which they can be improved for solving the increasingly complex problems now facing the scientist and engineer. Topics covered include typical seismic models, computational requirements associated with several standard numerical modelling techniques, three-dimensional processing, migration and forward modelling, advances in both hardware and software, iterative modelling, hypercube supercomputing, reservoir simulation using supercomputers, algorithms used in modelling and inversion, wave equation computations and simulation of seismic waves.

  • The Practice of Reservoir Engineering

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 36
    • L.P. Dake
    • Inglés
    The Practice of Reservoir Engineering has been written for those in the oil industry requiring a working knowledge of how the complex subject of hydrocarbon reservoir engineering can be applied in the field in a practical manner. The book is a simple statement of how to do the job and is particularly suitable for reservoir/production engineers and is illustrated with 27 examples and exercises based mainly on actual field developments. It will also be useful for those associated with the subject of hydrocarbon recovery. Geoscientists, petrophysicists and those involved in the management of oil and gas fields will also find it particularly relevant.

  • Advances in Hydroscience

    Volume 11
    • 1 Edición
    • Ven Te Chow
    • Inglés
    Advances in Hydroscience, Volume 11 -1978 covers topics on the progressive development in water science, including stochastic hydrology, the numerical analysis for hydrodynamic modeling, solid-state hydrology, and subsurface waters. The book presents topics on the theory and examples to model lumped quasi-stochastic and stochastic watershed systems; the progress made in the area of multidimensional numerical modeling of hydrodynamic and water-quality processes in estuary and coastal sea systems; and the physical principles governing the flow of water through snow. The text also includes articles on the state of the art of the finite-element modeling techniques in surface and subsurface hydraulic problems; the developments in the area of rainfall-runoff relations and physically-based stochastic hydrologic analysis; as well as well hydraulics in heterogeneous aquifer formations. Hydrologists, ocean engineers, hydraulic engineers, and subsurface engineers will find the book invaluable.

  • Geomorphological Processes

    Studies in Physical Geography
    • 1 Edición
    • E Derbyshire + 2 más
    • K. J. Gregory
    • Inglés
    Geomorphological Processes describes land forms and land form changes, particularly regarding the rates of operation of these events. This book describes the mechanics of the geomorphological processes; the text also shows the application of an equation to explain trends in geomorphology that involves land forms (or results, a dependent variable), processes, and materials (both independent variables). The authors explain endogenetic and exogenetic processes, as well as the control systems approach. They explain the drainage basin processes which collect, concentrate, and promote water mobility and sedimentation. They also discuss the coastal processes concerning waves, tidal variations, sediment budgets, hydrodynamics of near-shore zones; the book also addresses shoreline configuration, planning, and coastal protection. The authors analyze the cryonival and glacial process such as the formation of ice in the landscape, glacial erosion, debris entrainment, meltwater erosion, and glaci-aquatic sedimentation. The text shows the difficulty of measuring the parameters in the relationship between water action and sediment movement. This book is intended for first or second year students in geology, hydrology, and those whose majors are in meteorology. It can also benefit readers whose interest lie with the environment or with the general earth sciences.

  • Seismic Applications of Acoustic Reciprocity

    • 1 Edición
    • J.T. Fokkema + 1 más
    • Inglés
    The seismic applications of the reciprocity theorem developed in this book are partly based on lecture notes and publications from Professor de Hoop. Every student Professor de Hoop has taught knows the egg-shaped figure (affectionately known as "de Hoop's egg") that plays such an important role in his theoretical description of acoustic, electromagnetic and elastodynamic wave phenomena.On the one hand this figure represents the domain for the application of a reciprocity theorem in the analysis of a wavefield and on the other hand it symbolizes the power of a consistent wavefield description of this theorem.The roots of the reciprocity theorem lie in Green's theorem for Laplace's equation and Helmholtz's extension to the wave equation. In 1894, J.W. Strutt, who later became Lord Rayleigh, introduced in his book The Theory of Sound this extension under the name of Helmholtz's theorem. Nowadays it is known as Rayleigh's reciprocity theorem.Progress in seismic data processing requires the knowledge of all the theoretical aspects of the acoustic wave theory. The reciprocity theorem was chosen as the central theme of this book as it constitutes the fundaments of the seismic wave theory. In essence, two states are distinguished in this theorem. These can be completely different, although sharing the same time-invariant domain of application, and they are related via an interaction quantity. The particular choice of the two states determines the acoustic application, in turn making it possible to formulate the seismic experiment in terms of a geological system response to a known source function.In linear system theory, it is well known that the response to a known input function can be written as an integral representation where the impulse response acts as a kernel and operates on the input function. Due to the temporal invariance of the system, this integral representation is of the convolution type. In seismics, the temporal behaviour of the system is dealt with in a similar fashion; however the spatial interaction needs a different approach. The reciprocity theorem handles this interaction by identifying one state with the spatial impulse function, also known as the Green's function, while the other state is connected with the actual source distribution. In general, the resulting integral representation is not a spatial convolution. Moreover, the systematic use of the reciprocity theorem leads to a hierarchical description of the seismic experiment in terms of increasing complexity. Also from an educational point of view this approach provides a hierarchy and the student learns to break down the seismic problem into constituent partial solutions.This book should contribute to the understanding that the reciprocity theorem is a powerful tool in the analysis of the seismic experiment.

  • Logistics and Benefits of Using Mathematical Models of Hydrologic and Water Resource Systems

    Selected Papers with Summary of Discussions from the International Symposium on Logistics and Benefits of Using Mathematical Models of Hydrologic and Water Resource Systems, Pisa, Italy, 24—26 October 1978
    • 1 Edición
    • A.J. Askew + 2 más
    • Inglés
    Logistics and Benefits of Using Mathematical Models of Hydrologic and Water Resource Systems is a collection of paper that details the experiences in the operational and logistical aspects of utilizing water resource models. The title provides the general report on model structure and classification; experiences of the hydrologic engineering center in maintaining widely used hydrologic and water resource computer models; and the operational experience of on-line hydrological simulation. The selection also covers the implementation and application of a suite for the simulation of complex water resource systems in evaluation and planning studies; and the use of a groundwater model in the design, performance; and the assessment, and operation of a river regulation scheme. The book will be of great use to researchers and practitioners of hydrological sciences.

  • Trace Elements in Igneous Petrology

    A Volume in Memory of Paul W. Gast
    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 5
    • C.J. Allègre + 1 más
    • Inglés
    Trace Elements in Igneous Petrology, 5: Developments in Petrology: A Volume in Memory of Paul W. Gast focuses on the contributions and influence of Gast in petrology, including crystallization, magmatic processes, isotopic composition, and ocean ridge basalt chemistry. The selection first takes a look at quantitative models of trace element behavior in magmatic processes; application of trace elements to the petrogenesis of igneous rocks of granitic composition; and an assessment of local and regional isotopic equilibrium in the mantle. Discussions focus on evidence derived from time constraints, scale of isotopic disequilibrium, fractional crystallization, trace element modeling, geodynamics and tectonic setting, partition coefficients, quantitative models for trace elements, and parameter determination and inverse-problem solution. The publication then examines the isotopic composition of lead in oceanic basalt and its implication to mantle evolution; strontium isotopes in basalts from the Pacific Ocean basin; and trace elements in ocean ridge basalts. Concerns cover variations in ocean ridge basalt chemistry, trace elements in ocean ridge basalts, disequilibrium partial melting, seawater alteration, background for lead isotope tracer studies, and uranium, thorium, and lead concentrations in basalts. The book examines trace elements and anorthosite genesis, lead isotopes in Archaean plutonic rocks, early Archaean rocks and geochemical evolution of the earth's crust, and factors controlling the noble gas abundance patterns of deep-sea basalts. The selection is a valuable source of data for researchers interested in petrology.

  • Advances in Hydroscience

    Volume 12
    • 1 Edición
    • Ven Te Chow
    • Inglés
    Advances in Hydroscience, Volume 12-1981 covers articles in the areas of fluid mechanics and hydrology. The book presents articles on advances in cavitation research, applied stochastic theory of storage in evolution, and echohydrodynamics. The text also includes articles on the usefulness and the basic nature of the application of pattern recognition in the context of hydrologic data analysis. A summary of the Hydrologic Engineering Center's experience in water resources system simulation is also encompassed. The book will prove invaluable to hydrologists, practitioners handling the design and control of hydraulic structures and machinery, and engineers working in the water industry.

  • Mineral Processing Technology

    An Introduction to the Practical Aspects of Ore Treatment and Mineral Recovery (In SI/Metric Units)
    • 4 Edición
    • Barry A. Wills
    • D. W. Hopkins
    • Inglés
    Provides practising engineers and students of mineral processing, metallurgy and mining with a review of the common ore-processing techniques utilized in modern installations. Each chapter encompasses all the recent technical developments within each field, and discusses new equipment and process routes. This latest edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to include important new sections on economics, use of computers and developments in froth flotation. A further feature is a valuable collection of microcomputer programs, written in ANSI BASIC, for the solution of numerical mineral processing problems. The work is fully referenced up to 1987, indexed, and SI units are used throughout.

  • Rare Earth Element Geochemistry

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 2
    • P. Henderson
    • Inglés
    Developments in Geochemistry, Volume 2: Rare Earth Element Geochemistry presents the remarkable developments in the chemistry and geochemistry of the rare earth elements. This book discusses the analytical techniques and the recognition that rare earth fractionation occurs naturally in different ways. Organized into 13 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the wide array of types and sizes of the cation coordination polyhedral in rock-forming minerals. This text then examines the application of rare earth element abundances to petrogenetic problems that has centered on the evolution of igneous rocks. Other chapters consider the matching of observed rare earth element abundances with those provided by the theoretical modeling of petrogenetic processes. This book discusses as well the hypotheses on the genesis of a rock or mineral suite. The final chapter deals with the principal analytical methods. This book is a valuable resource for undergraduates, lecturers, and researchers who study petrology and geochemistry.

  • Seismic Effects on Structures

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 67
    • E. Juhásová
    • Inglés
    This monograph deals with the problem of dynamic behaviour and seismic response of structures which are designed and constructed in seismic regions. Extensive attention is given to description of measuring methods, methods of evaluation of results and determination of dynamic properties of structures. The questions of linear and non-linear seismic response are solved taking into account the peculiarities of stiffness and damping and the demands of proper seismic design and the protecting of structures against unfavourable seismic effects. There is detailed analysis of torsional sesimic effects on structures with asymmetrical disposition in plan, of the influence of higher axial forces on the seismic response and of the problems of soil-structure interaction. The experimental results are extensively documented, with graphs, tables, photographs and a keyword index.This volume will interest structural engineers, engineers-designers, geophysicists, mechanical and geotechnical engineers. It is intended to serve both readers already acquainted with problems of earthquake engineering and beginners in this field.

  • A Manual of Chemical & Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis

    • 1 Edición
    • Timothy R. Parsons
    • Inglés
    An introduction to the quantitative analysis of seawater, describing in detail biological and chemical techniques, which are considered to be amongst those most often used by biological oceanographers. The manual provides complete instructions for the addition of reagents and calculation of results with reference material for each method so that the original texts can be consulted if necessary. In general, the techniques require a minimum of prior professional training and methods needing very expensive equipment have been avoided.

  • Groundwater Ecology

    • 1 Edición
    • Jack A. Stanford
    • Inglés
    Groundwater has long been an object of intense scrutiny. Only recently have methods become available that permit ecologists, hydrologists, and environmental scientists to assess the biotic and abiotic status of these all-important aquifers.

  • Selected Readings in Mineral Economics

    • 1 Edición
    • F.J. Anderson
    • Inglés
    Selected Readings in Mineral Economics reviews the economic principles of mineral investment activities and mining decisions. Topics range from mineral reserves and exploration to the economics of mineral projects, taxation issues, and marketing and finance. This text is comprised of 27 chapters. After explaining the distinction between resources and reserves, this book proposes a concept of mineral reserves. The chapters that follow explore the conversion of resources into reserves through the exploration process, while focusing on the flow from resources to reserves and metal production based on the concept of the ""monitoring curve,"" along with the process of depletion and reserves replacement. The next section illustrates the range of issues associated with rational project evaluation in the minerals sector, considering the discounted cash flow techniques and option pricing as an approach to mine valuation. The effects of Canada's tax system on the mineral supply process are then examined, together with international mineral markets and finance. This text concludes with a chapter that analyzes financing methods for large-scale mining projects, including innovative methods of debt finance involving risk sharing. This book will be of interest to those working in the mining and metallurgical industries.

  • Ocean Circulation and Climate

    A 21st Century Perspective
    • 2 Edición
    • Volumen 103
    • Inglés
    The book represents all the knowledge we currently have on ocean circulation. It presents an up-to-date summary of the state of the science relating to the role of the oceans in the physical climate system. The book is structured to guide the reader through the wide range of world ocean circulation experiment (WOCE) science in a consistent way. Cross-references between contributors have been added, and the book has a comprehensive index and unified reference list. The book is simple to read, at the undergraduate level. It was written by the best scientists in the world who have collaborated to carry out years of experiments to better understand ocean circulation.

  • The Ocean Basins

    Their Structure and Evolution
    • 1 Edición
    • Joan Brown
    • Gerry Bearman
    • Inglés
    This Volume describes the processes that shape ocean basins, determine the structure and composition of the ocean crust, and control the major features of the continental margins. Further subjects examined are the 'hot springs' of the deep oceans, the main pattern of sediment distribution in ocean basins including the recording of past climatic and sea-level changes, and the role of oceans as an integral part of global chemical cycles. Each Volume in this set is well laid out and copiously illustrated with full colour photographs, graphs and graphics. Questions to help develop arguments and/or understanding can be found in the text and at the end of each chapter, with worked answers provided at the back of each Volume. Each chapter also concludes with a sum mary to help consolidate understanding before the next chapter is begun.

  • Paleoethnobotany

    A Handbook of Procedures
    • 1 Edición
    • Deborah M. Pearsall
    • Inglés
    This book describes the approaches and techniques of paleoethnobotany--th... study of the interrelationships between human populations and the plant world through the archaeological record. Its purpose is twofold. First, it assembles in one volume the three major methods of paleoethnobotany, the analysis of macroremains, pollen analysis, and phytolith analysis, for the student or professional interested in the field. Second, it presents on paleoethnobotanist's view of the discipline: its past, present, and future, its strengths and weaknesses, and its role in modern archaeology.

  • The Origin of Arcs

    Invited Papers Presented at the International Conference "The Origin of Arcs", Held at the University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy, September 22nd-25th, 1986
    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 21
    • F.-C. Wezel
    • Inglés
    This volume contains a collection of papers presented as distinguished guest lectures at the International Conference on ``The Origin of Arcs'' held at the University of Urbino in September 1986, under the joint sponsorship of the European Union of Geosciences and the Italian Geological Society.The workshop on island and mountain arcs has been organized with the aim of increasing our understanding of the intrinsic nature of orogenic and post-orogenic processes, on the basis of empiric factual data, rather than particular theoretic models. Quite often a trivial piece of field data appears to bear much more weight than many fascinating hypotheses put forward by the human mind. This seems to be much more valid in geology, where a special method is necessitated by the particular nature of the geological phenomena and the time concept. Every general law deduced should be rooted in the study of the earth's development in geological time. It is the editor's opinion that there must first be an inductive picture by means of geological methods and then it must be interpreted by geophysicists in the light of physical laws. The geological method must serve, besides, to test the historical credibility of geophysical theories. It is clear that these two methods, the geological-historica... one and the geophysical one, must be complementary and the one must not substitute the other.Since the problem of the structure and origin of arcs is open to several solutions, different factors being still unexplained, all correctly deduced opinions are considered by the editor. The contributors to this pre-conference volume have been asked to present essential geological results, as concrete as possible, on some basic problems, such as:Are the island and mountain arcs primary or induced features?How have these orogenic festoons developed into their similar regular shapes?What are the relationships between "primary" active arcs and "secondary" mountain arcs?What is the dominant deformational factor in the bulging of the arc?What is the real nature and tectonic significance of the Benioff zone?These papers have been grouped into five more or less natural sections, of which three are defined on the basis of geography. But of course several range broadly and the classification serves only to channel the discussion in a practical way.

  • Stresses and Displacements for Shallow Foundations

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 70
    • D. Milovic
    • Inglés
    This monograph presents the results of the theoretical analyses of stresses and displacements for shallow foundations subjected to various types of loads. In these analyses not only the classical models but more complex models of soils have been used, such as two-layer half-space, homogenous compressible layer of finite thickness, two-layer compressible layer of finite thickness, anisotropic compressible layer. Contact stresses, settlements, vertical stress distribution, bending moments and shear forces have been determined for foundations of any rigidity. Numerous values of the dimensionless coefficients "I" are tabulated, which can be of use in the solution of practical engineering problems.

  • Seismic Coal Exploration

    In-Seam Seismics
    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 16
    • L. Dresen + 1 más
    • Inglés
    The efficient mining of hard coal in deep coal mines using highly mechanized longwall techniques requires information on the geological structure ahead of the operating face. Even minor tectonic faults with throws of only a few metres mean a loss in productivity, as they present severe working problems for underground mining equipment. Because investment costs to install a mechanized face are high, "insurance" in the form of spare capacity by both machine shifts or spare faces is uneconomic. Thus, to reduce mining costs it is essential to delineate the geology prior to mining. Today, the only effective geophysical tool to detect and to map minor faults in front of the coal cutter is in-seam seismics using channel, or so called seam waves. The techniques are well established and successfully applied for more than two decades.In-Seam Seismics covers the entire range of elementary and advanced topics in mathematics, physics and data processing of dispersive channel waves. The results of analogue and numerical modelling provide a thorough understanding of transmission, reflection, recording and interpretation of seam waves and coal seam disturbances. Fire damp proof instrumentation, target orientated underground layouts, processing and interpretation of real data impart the state-of-the-art of in-seam seismics. Selected and well-rounded case histories complete the presentation of in-seam seismics. They can help the mining engineer to come to a decision to plan and to apply in-seam seismics in case of underground mining problems.A clear text, only formulae which are necessary, many carefully designed figures, an extended list of references and a lucid index make it easy for the reader to get acquainted with seam waves or to promote the technique of in-seam seismics.

  • Design and Construction of Mounds for Breakwaters and Coastal Protection

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 37
    • P. Bruun
    • Inglés
    This is a comprehensive, detailed coverage of the subject indicated by the title, embracing all aspects from design criteria over design to construction. Basic wave research, wave structure interaction, hydrodynamics, hydraulics, modelling, solid mechanics, soil mechanics, materials execution, maintenance and equipment are all paid equal attention by highly experienced scientists, engineers and constructors in the field. It is a necessary acquisition for practical wave scientists as well as for technicians and engineers.

  • Northern Europe Including Examples from the USSR in Both Europe and Asia

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 1
    • Bozzano G Luisa
    • Inglés
    Provides bibliographic and textual information about the principal ore deposits of Northern Europe, plus descriptions of 30 selected deposits from the USSR. Each deposit is introduced by a selected bibliography listing the most important literature followed by a reasonably detailed discussion covering geological characteristics and how the deposit was formed. The general bibliographic introduction to Ireland, Sweden and Finland covers many deposits with insufficient literature to justify separate coverage.

  • Geomorphology: The Research Frontier and Beyond

    Proceedings of the 24th Binghamton Symposium in Geomorphology, August 25, 1993
    • 1 Edición
    • J.D. Vitek + 1 más
    • Inglés
    Perspectives on the future directions of research in geomorphology form the major theme of this volume. Ten geomorphologists were asked to "star-gaze", that is provide opinions about the future direction of their specialty. Each paper is supported by the literature that currently defines the research frontier.

  • Kimberlites I : Kimberlites and Related Rocks

    Proceedings of the “Third International Kimberlite Conference", Volume-I
    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 11A
    • J Kornprobst
    • Inglés
    Developments in Petrology 11A, Volume A: Kimberlites I: Kimberlites and Related Rocks covers the proceedings of the Third International Kimberlite Conference, held in Clermont Ferrand, France in September 1982. Separating 75 papers into three parts and 28 chapters, this volume focuses on Western Australian lamproites and kimberlites. Significant chapters are also devoted to Alpine type ultramafic bodies. The occurrence, detection, geology, petrology, and synthesis of these precious rocks are discussed. Other general topics covered include diatremes, diamonds, and mantle sample.

  • Gravity and Low-Frequency Geodynamics

    • 1 Edición
    • Roman Teisseyre
    • Inglés
    This fourth volume in the series Physics and Evolution of the Earth's Interior, provides a comprehensive review of the geophysical and geodetical aspects related to gravity and low-frequency geodynamics. Such aspects include the Earth's gravity field, geoid shape theory, and low-frequency phenomena like rotation, oscillations and tides.Global-scale phenomena are treated as a response to source excitation in spherical Earth models consisting of several shells: lithosphere, mantle, core and sometimes also the inner solid core. The effect of gravitation and rotation on the Earth's shape is analysed. The satellite approach to studies of the gravity field and the geoid shape is discussed in some detail. Discussions of recent findings and developments are accompanied by a brief historical background.

  • The Geotechnics of Real Materials: The &egr;<INF>g</INF>&egr;<INF>k</INF> Method

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 39
    • E.T. Hanrahan
    • Inglés
    This book provides a simple new approach to the problems of pressure and deformation associated with real materials. It introduces parameters used to provide original solutions to a wide range of problems. These include: pressure on silo walls and retaining walls (flexible and rigid), trench sheeting, shafts, pipes and tunnels; and settlements of foundations, roads, and embankments. The parameters are readily measured in standard triaxial apparatus, and are combined to provide a stress-strain-time relationship for the soil for specific drainage and boundary conditions.The first part of the book introduces topics relevant to the second part, i.e. standard geotechnical properties, soil testing, stress problems, earth pressure, flow in permeable media, and classical models such as elasticity and plasticity. In the second part, the parameters are defined and details given on their application to specified boundary conditions, with corrections for variations of stress, dimensions and loading rates. Examples and case histories demonstrate the versatility and validity of the method.No prior knowledge of geotechnics is assumed. The book will be suitable for students at any level in geotechnics and engineering geology. The emphasis on measured instead of idealised behaviour will appeal to practising engineers who will find in this book simple solutions to some of the most intractable problems in geotechnics.

  • Weathering, Soils & Paleosols

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 2
    • I.P. Martini + 1 más
    • Inglés
    For the past 200 years, geological scientists have used the present as a key to unlocking the past. This volume continues the tradition by exploring the processes of weathering and soil formation as indicators of the present environment of the Earth's land surface. Examined are the various ways in which this information can be used to interpret past environments which have produced the soils now preserved as paleosols. Because the surface environment of the earth may now be undergoing rapid change (the greenhouse effect), the book is a timely one for those researchers looking for evidence of analogous changes in the Earth's past. The work is divided into three major sections. The first deals with fundamental considerations of weathering, clay mineralogy and diagenesis. The second deals with the formation of soils from various starting materials and in various surficial environments. And the final section is an interpretation of paleosols. This volume provides valuable reading material for graduate and senior-undergraduate courses.

  • Gemmology

    • 1 Edición
    • P. G. Read
    • Inglés
    Gemmology is a text for students preparing for the Gemmological Association's Preliminary and Diploma examinations. The book is more expansive and up-to-date than the author's earlier book, Beginner's Guide to Gemmology. The book deals with the practical and theoretical sides of gemmology. Tracing the background and science of gemmology, the book covers the gem material, geological formation, and occurrence of gemstones on the earth. The composition of gemstones from the atoms, elements, molecules, and compounds comprising them is analyzed, and the relationship between chemical composition and durability of the stone is explained. The basics of crystallography is mentioned as a tool toward understanding gemmology after which cleavage, parting, and fracture are done. A gemstone's durability and hardness and how the latter influences engineering tests and the mining techniques are compared. An important test technique to identify unmounted stones is the measure of specific gravity using displacement measurement methods and hydrostatic methods. After more descriptive details are given in identification of gemstones, whether these are synthetic or simulants, through a comprehensive explanation of the materials found in these other gemstones, the fashioning, through shaping or polishing, of gemstones is explained. Emphasis is given on the critical angle in which light rays pass in different rock densities, and then the cutting styles, gemstone polishing, and grading are discussed. Students studying for the Gemmological Association's Preliminary and Diploma examinations, jewelers, lapidarists, and diamond cutters, as well as those engaged in the hobby of gemmology, will find this book helpful and full of information toward their endeavors and hobbies.

  • Air Pollution

    The Commonwealth and International Library: Meteorology Division
    • 1 Edición
    • R. S. Scorer
    • R. S. Scorer
    • Inglés
    Air Pollution describes the basic mechanisms of how air pollution is transported and diffused in the atmosphere. The book discusses topics on pollution over flat country, formula and mechanisms of dilution; high level, ground and valley inversions; thermal, mechanical, and optical effects which influence air pollution; flow which leaves a solid surface or separation; and the effects and repercussions of air pollution. Physicists, meteorologists, environmentalists, and researchers will find the book insightful.

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