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Elsevier

Libros en Química

  • Photomovement

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 1
    • D.-P. Häder + 1 más
    • Inglés
    This volume emphasizes the involvement of all facets of biology in the analysis of environmentally controlled movement responses. This includes biophysics, biochemistry, molecular biology and as an integral part of any approach to a closer understanding, physiology. The initial euphoria about molecular biology as the final solution for any problem has dwindled and the field agrees now that only the combined efforts of all facets of biology will at some day answer the question posed more than hundred years ago: "How can plants see?". One conclusion can be drawn from the current knowledge as summarized in this volume. The answer will most likely not be the same for all systems.

  • Fourier Transform Spectrometry

    • 1 Edición
    • Sumner P. Davis + 2 más
    • Inglés
    Fourier Transform Spectrometry is of immediate use to those who use Fourier transform spectrometers in their research, or are considering their use. The authors' presentations enable readers to obtain a clear understanding of FTS, which is crucial to their studies and research.Due to the increasing complexity and commercialization of instrumentation, achieving optimum performance in research applications and automated usage can be challenging. For example, a thorough understanding of the instrument can dramatically affect the outcome of the experiment and the generation of reliable data in applications where conditions are not ideal and resulting signals are weak. This book provides a comprehensive discussion of FTS from the ground up, covering basic concepts, instrumentation, data-processing algorithms, and techniques for computerized spectral analysis.

  • Oxide Surfaces

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 9
    • Inglés
    The book is a multi-author survey (in 15 chapters) of the current state of knowledge and recent developments in our understanding of oxide surfaces. The author list includes most of the acknowledged world experts in this field. The material covered includes fundamental theory and experimental studies of the geometrical, vibrational and electronic structure of such surfaces, but with a special emphasis on the chemical properties and associated reactivity. The main focus is on metal oxides but coverage extends from 'simple' rocksalt materials such as MgO through to complex transition metal oxides with different valencies.

  • Enzymology and Molecular Biology of Carbonyl Metabolism 10

    • 1 Edición
    • H. Weiner
    • Inglés
    The largest collection of articles on the three major gene families, this work ranges from enzymology to molecular biology to physiological implications. The three gene families are related in that the enzymes catalyse the NAD(P) dependent oxidation or reduction of carbonyl containing substrates. The substrates are important in diverse areas such as alcoholism, diabetes and cancer related problems as well as simple detoxification. The scope of the chapters, contributed by leading international scientists, is wide and covers gene regulation to enzyme mechanisms and protein structure. This is the only publication dealing in such depth with just three gene families. An important reference for researchers in toxicology and molecular biology.

  • Crystallization

    • 4 Edición
    • J W Mullin
    • Inglés
    Since the first publication of this definitive work nearly 40 years ago, this fourth edition has been completely rewritten. Crystallization is used at some stage in nearly all process industries as a method of production, purification or recovery of solid materials. Incorporating all the recent developments and applications of crystallization technology, Crystallization gives clear accounts of the underlying principles, a review of the past and current research themes and guidelines for equipment and process design. This new edition introduces and enlarges upon such subjects as: Control and Separation of polymorphs and chiral crystals Micro- and macro-mixing and the use of computer fluid dynamics Seeding and secondary nucleation in batch crystallization processes Incorporation of upstream and downstream requirements into design procedures for crystallization plant Computer-aided molecular design and its use in crystal habit modifier selection Crystallization provides a comprehensive overview of the subject and will prove invaluable to all chemical engineers and industrial chemists in the process industries as well as crystallization workers and students in industry and academia. Crystallization is written with the precision and clarity of style that is John Mullin's hallmark - a special feature being the large number of appendices that provide relevant physical property data.

  • Interpreting Infrared, Raman, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra

    • 1 Edición
    • Richard A. Nyquist
    • Inglés
    This book teaches the analyst why it is advantageous to obtain vibrational data under different physical phases. Molecular vibrations are affected by change in physical phase, and knowledge of how certain molecular vibrations are affected by change in the chemical environment improves the analyst's ability to solve complex chemical problems.This book is invaluable for students and scientists engaged in analytical and organic chemistry, since application of IR and Raman spectroscopy is essential in identifying and verifying molecular structure.This reference provides analysts with information that enables them to acquire the maximum amount of information when sampling molecular vibrations via IR and Raman spectroscopy.

  • Reaction Kinetics and the Development and Operation of Catalytic Processes

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 133
    • G.F. Froment + 1 más
    • Inglés
    Reaction Kinetics and the Development and Operation of Catalytic Processes is a trendsetter. The Keynote Lectures have been authored by top scientists and cover a broad range of topics like fundamental aspects of surface chemistry, in particular dynamics and spillover, the modeling of reaction mechanisms, with special focus on the importance of transient experimentation and the application of kinetics in reactor design. Fundamental and applied kinetic studies are well represented. More than half of these deal with transient kinetics, a new trend made possible by recent sophisticated experimental equipment and the awareness that transient experimentation provides more information and insight into the microphenomena occurring on the catalyst surface than steady state techniques. The trend is not limited to purely kinetic studies since the great majority of the papers dealing with reactors also focus on transients and even deliberate transient operation. It is to be expected that this trend will continue and amplify as the community becomes more aware of the predictive potential of fundamental kinetics when combined with detailed realistic modeling of the reactor operation.

  • Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry

    • 1 Edición
    • D Pletcher + 4 más
    • Inglés
    Using 372 references and 211 illustrations, this book underlines the fundamentals of electrochemistry essential to the understanding of laboratory experiments. It treats not only the fundamental concepts of electrode reactions, but also covers the methodology and practical application of the many versatile electrochemical techniques available.

  • Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 78
    • Alan R. Katritzky
    • Inglés
    Established in 1960, Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry is the definitive serial in the area—one of great importance to organic chemists, polymer chemists, and many biological scientists. Written by established authorities in the field, the comprehensive reviews combine descriptive chemistry and mechanistic insight and yield an understanding of how the chemistry drives the properties.

  • Advances in Chemical Engineering

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 26
    • Kenneth B. Bischoff + 7 más
    • Inglés
    Established in 1960, Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry is the definitive serial in the area-one of great importance to organic chemists, polymer chemists, and many biological scientists. Written by established authorities in the field, the comprehensive reviews combine descriptive chemistry and mechanistic insight and yield an understanding of how the chemistry drives the properties.

  • Capillary Electrochromatography

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 62
    • F. Svec + 1 más
    • Inglés
    This book discusses the evolution and uses for capillary electrochromatograph... as a new dimension to current separation science. With the emergence of this technique the selection of available separation mechanisms increases dramatically. The book also discusses the new horizons in the separation of non-polar compounds which have been opened as a result of CEC. Over ten chapters authors cover a wide variety of topics and provide the reader with necessary theoretical background, description of the instrumentation, modes of operation and methods of detection and an overview of the broad variety of applications of capillary electrochromatograph... view the full contents as a pdf, please click /inca/publications/m...

  • Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 27
    • Inglés
    Although the official compendia define a drug substance as to identity, purity, strength, and quality, they normally do not provide other physical or chemical data, nor do they list methods of synthesis or pathways of physical or biological degradation and metabolism. Such information is scattered throughout the scientific literature and the files of pharmaceutical laboratories.Edited by the Associate Director of Analytical Research and Development for the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances and Excipients brings this information together in one source. The scope of the series has recently been expanded to include profiles of excipient materials.

  • Carbohydrates

    The Sweet Molecules of Life
    • 1 Edición
    • Robert V. Stick
    • Inglés
    This book is on carbohydrates-the essential molecules that give you energy. They are the building blocks of life. This book delivers up-to-date coverage on all aspects of carbohydrate chemistry. The molecules are sometimes sugars, i.e. "sweet," hence the subtitle "The Sweet Molecules of Life."Carbohydrates first gives the "nuts and bolts" of carbohydrate chemistry, enabling the reader to appreciate the subsequent chapters on protecting groups and the reactions of monosaccharides. (The protecting groups do just that-they are put on the molecules as a temporary measure during one or more reactions to stop the wrong bit of the molecule being changed during that reaction.)

  • Plutonium in the Environment

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 1
    • A. Kudo
    • Inglés
    The first volume of the new series, Radioactivity in the Environment, focuses on the environmental occurrence, the speciation, the behaviour, the fate, the applications and the health consequences of that much-feared and much-publicised element, plutonium. Featuring a collection of selected, peer-reviewed, up-to-date papers by leading researchers in the field, this work provides a state-of-the-art description of plutonium in the environment.This title helps to explain where present frontiers are drawn in our continuing efforts to understand the science of environmental plutonium and will help to place widespread concerns into perspective.As a whole this new book series on environmental radioactivity addresses, at academic research level, the key aspects of this socially important and complex interdisciplinary subject. Presented objectively and with the ultimate authority gained from the many contributions by the world's leading experts, the negative and positive consequences of having a radioactive world around us will be documented and given perspective.

  • Alkoxo and Aryloxo Derivatives of Metals

    • 1 Edición
    • Don Bradley + 3 más
    • Inglés
    Alkoxo and Aryloxo Derivatives of Metals gives a comprehensive account of the chemistry of metal alkoxides and metal aryloxides, including their industrial applications such as microelectronics, ceramics, nonlinear optical materials, high-temperature superconductors, specialized glasses, and other advanced novel materials. It is an invaluable reference source book. The book is an updated edition of Metal Alkoxides, published by Academic Press in 1978, with additional coverage of metal aryloxides. It reflects the enormous growth in interest in this field in recent years. Alkoxo and aryloxo derivatives are organic compounds with metals for useful industrial purposes. Alkoxo and Aryloxo Derivatives of Metals will appeal to a wide-ranging audience, including university researchers and chemistry graduate students in industrial laboratories concerned with microelectronics, ceramics, glasses and other advanced novel materials; any laboratories doing research on nonlinear optical materials, high-temperature superconductors, ceramic materials, and specialized glasses. It can also serve as a supplementary text for final year courses in advanced inorganic chemistry, e.g., metallo-organic chemistry.

  • Organobismuth Chemistry

    • 1 Edición
    • Hitomi Suzuki + 5 más
    • Inglés
    This book is written for scientists who require information on organobismuth chemistry, either by specific topic or by compound. "Organobismuth Chemistry" covers, through early 1999, stoichiometric compounds that contain the Bi-C bond; not included, with the exception of a few examples, are inorganic compounds, minerals, metal alloys, and non-stoichiometric materials.Organobism... chemistry is covered in a comprehensive, self-contained manner. The book focuses on the academic aspects of the field; therefore, references to patents are made only when pertinent. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to bismuth as the element. In chapters 2 to 4, organobismuth compounds are classified according to the types of compounds and dealt in detail. Chapter 5 is devoted to the use of bismuth and derivatives in organic transformations. In the first four chapters, brief to moderate descriptions for selected experimental procedures are included; they are intended to inform the readers of relevant protocols and should serve in preparative studies which are based on analogies. In the final chapter the X-ray data of fundamental and/or structurally interesting organobismuth (III) and (V) compounds are collected. At the beginning of each chapter, the text is preceded by detailed table of contents of the subject dealt in it. By inspection of the table, it should be possible to locate quickly information on a specific organobismuth compound.Definite efforts have been made to include all factual data pertinent to an understanding of each class of organobismuth compounds. The main attention is paid to the methods of synthesis, molecular structure, and chemical behaviours of organobismuth compounds, although some knowledge of spectroscopy and other physical properties are also included. The format for presenting information has both descriptive information and numerical data. Numerical data are mostly presented in tabular form. Tables of known compounds in each chapter are organized so as to enable the readers to make easy access to the most relevant data source of a compound. The nomenclature does not follow strictly the recommendations of IUPAC, but usage is mostly consistent with common practice in the current literature. In order to help the readers to save time in looking for appropriate spectral data, an effort has also been made to provide the IR, MS, NMR and UV spectral data sources in tabular form. All references for chapters are collected together in a list at the end of the book. In the list, references are given chronologically both in code and in full form, with authors names.This book will appeal to academic and industrial researchers alike, and will be particularly useful to chemists engaged in bench work. In addition it is hoped that this book will provide a stimulus as the basis for further development of organobismuth chemistry.

  • Theoretical Biochemistry

    Processes and Properties of Biological Systems
    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 9
    • Leif A. Eriksson
    • Inglés
    Theoretical chemistry has been an area of tremendous expansion and development over the past decade; from an approach where we were able to treat only a few atoms quantum mechanically or make fairly crude molecular dynamics simulations, into a discipline with an accuracy and predictive power that has rendered it an essential complementary tool to experiment in basically all areas of science. This volume gives a flavour of the types of problems in biochemistry that theoretical calculations can solve at present, and illustrates the tremendous predictive power these approaches possess.A wide range of computational approaches, from classical MD and Monte Carlo methods, via semi-empirical and DFT approaches on isolated model systems, to Car-Parinello QM-MD and novel hybrid QM/MM studies are covered. The systems investigated also cover a broad range; from membrane-bound proteins to various types of enzymatic reactions as well as inhibitor studies, cofactor properties, solvent effects, transcription and radiation damage to DNA.

  • Advances in Supramolecular Chemistry

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 7
    • G.W. Gokel
    • Inglés
    This volume presents a variety of articles that encompass the broad scope of supramolecular chemistry. Reusch's chapter covers biological channel compounds, while the work of Hall and Kirkovits looks into their synthetic counterparts. Metal ion sensors, calixarenes and "crystal engineering" are described by pioneers in these fields. This work, whilst current and authoritative, shows us that much remains to be undertaken and understood. It is hoped that this volume will be of interest to those who wish to fill these gaps; scientists already in the field and those who may see extensions of their own work that will bring them into it.

  • Monodispersed Particles

    • 1 Edición
    • Tadao Sugimoto
    • Inglés
    This is the first comprehensive book for all aspects of monodispersed particles, consisting of four parts: Part 1 for the fundamentals of the elementary processes; Part 2 for the preparation of monodispersed particles, including the general principles, explanations of almost all known monodispersed systems on the basis of their classification, and techniques for controlling their mean size, shape, internal structure, composition, heterojunction, surface modification, etc.; Part 3 for the analytical methods for the formation processes and the characterization of monodispersed products; Part 4 for applications of monodispersed particles to fundamental studies and practicle uses, such as photographic materials, ceramics, catalysts, magnetic recording materials, pigments, cosmetics, biological and medical devices, etc.This book not only covers the most of known uniform particles, including inorganic and polymer particles and their composites, from nanometers to a few hundreds of micrometers, but also compiles numerous references about 2000.While this book is organized from the fundamentals to the ultimate levels, the text is replete with new theories, developed for this book, and novel ideas of the author's own interpretation on the formation mechanisms throughout the whole volume. In this sense, this is a unique book, as entirely different from ordinary textbooks.Since the functions and dynamic behaviours of particles strongly depend on their size, well-defined monodispersed particles are ideal particulate materials for advanced devices as well as models for fundamental studies of colloid science. This may be the sheer reason for the persistent demands for the advent of a comprehensive book focussed on this subject.

  • Fluorine Chemistry at the Millennium

    Fascinated by Fluorine
    • 1 Edición
    • R.E. Banks
    • Inglés
    This volume brings together contributions by leading researchers covering a wide scope so characteristic of fluorine chemistry. It is a monograph of historical character comprising personalized accounts of progress and events in areas of particular interest.There is also much to interest and instruct chemists from other disciplines as a good proportion of the chapters contain a considerable amount of 'hard' referenced information relating to modern organic, organoelemental and inorganic chemistry. Historians of chemistry and technology will no doubt be tempted to dip into this book, and surely whoever addresses the task of commemorating Moissan's achievement at the 150-years stage will bless us all in some measure for its existence.

  • Electrochemical Reactions and Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry

    • 1 Edición
    • J. Grimshaw
    • Inglés
    Electrochemical reactions make significant contributions to organic synthesis either in the laboratory or on an industrial scale. These methods have the potential for developing more "green" chemical synthesis. Over recent years, modern investigations have clarified the mechanisms of important organic electrochemical reactions. Progress has also been made in controlling the reactivity of intermediates through either radical or ionic pathways. Now is the time to gather all the electrochemical work into a textbook.As an essential addition to the armory of synthetic organic chemists, electrochemical reactions give results not easily achieved by many other chemical routes. This book presents a logical development of reactions and mechanisms in organic electrochemistry at a level suited to research scientists and final year graduate students. It forms an excellent starting point from which synthetic organic chemists, in both academia and industry, can appreciate uses for electrochemical methods in their own work. The book is also a reference guide to the literature.

  • Forensic Science

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 2
    • Inglés

  • Progress in Heterocyclic Chemistry

    A Critical Review of the 1999 Literature Preceded by Three Chapters on Current Heterocyclic Topics
    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 12
    • G.W. Gribble + 1 más
    • Inglés
    This volume of Progress in Heterocyclic Chemistry (PHC) is the twelfth annual review of the literature, covering the work published on most of the important heterocyclic ring systems during 1999, with inclusions of earlier material as appropriate. As in PHC-11, there are also three specialized reviews in this year's volume. In the inaugural chapter, Michael Groziak revitalizes the field of boron heterocycles, a relatively obscure class of heterocycles, but with a promising future. Heterocyclic phosphorus ylides are similarly a little known but useful class of compounds and Alan Aitken and Tracy Massil have provided a comprehensive review of them in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3 Jack Li discusses the remarkably versatile palladium chemistry in pyridine alkaloid synthesis.The subsequent chapters deal with recent advances in the field of heterocyclic chemistry arranged by increasing ring size and with emphasis on synthesis and reactions.

  • Quaternary Ammonium Salts

    Their Use in Phase-Transfer Catalysis
    • 1 Edición
    • R. Alan Jones
    • Inglés
    This text provides experimental methods for a wide range of organic reactions, systematically arranged according to reaction type, and describes the advantages and limitations of the procedures. Traditional methods to speed up organic reactions involve energy-consuming processes and costly and environmentally "unfriendly" solvents. Additionally, isolation of the product requires energy and time-consuming purification processes. A simple solution, especially for reactions involving anionic reactants, is the use of phase-transfer catalysis. Quaternary ammonium cations have the ability to transfer the anionic reactants as non-solvated ion-pairs from aqueous media into organic media. The resultant effect is to increase the rate of the organic reaction by enhancing the reactivity of the anionic species and increasing the encounter rate with the organic substrate. Side reactions are frequently eliminated so that the overall yield of the desired product is increased.Quaternary Ammonium Salts presents procedures for reducing reaction times and the need for extreme conditions, which are frequently encountered under standard reaction procedures.This is the only book to be published on quaternary ammonium salts. Best Synthetic Methods volumes allow the practicing synthetic chemist to choose between all the alternatives and assess their real advantages and limitations. Each volume of the series deals with a particular topic from a practical point of view, giving detailed examples and precise experimental directions and hints. With the emphasis on laboratory use, these volumes represent a comprehensive and practical guide to modern synthetic organic chemistry.

  • Palladium in Heterocyclic Chemistry

    A Guide for the Synthetic Chemist
    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 20
    • Gordon Gribble + 1 más
    • Inglés

  • Palladium in Heterocyclic Chemistry

    A Guide for the Synthetic Chemist
    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 20
    • Gordon Gribble + 1 más
    • Inglés

  • Bioactive Natural Products (Part D)

    V23
    • 1 Edición
    • Atta-ur Rahman
    • Inglés
    Natural products play an integral and ongoing role in promoting numerous aspects of scientific advancement, and many aspects of basic research programs are intimately related to natural products. The significance, therefore, of the Studies in Natural Product Chemistry series, edited by Professor Atta-ur-Rahman, cannot be overestimated. This volume, in accordance with previous volumes, presents us with cutting-edge contributions of great importance.

  • Bioactive Natural Products (Part C)

    V22
    • 1 Edición
    • Atta-ur Rahman
    • Inglés
    Natural products play an integral and ongoing role in promoting numerous aspects of scientific advancement, and many aspects of basic research programs are intimately related to natural products. The significance, therefore, of the Studies in Natural Product Chemistry series, edited by Professor Atta-ur-Rahman, cannot be overestimated. This volume, in accordance with previous volumes, presents us with cutting-edge contributions of great importance.

  • Separation, Preconcentration and Spectrophotometry in Inorganic Analysis

    • 1 Edición
    • Z. Marczenko + 1 más
    • E. Kloczko
    • Inglés
    Spectrophotometry enables one to determine, with good precision and sensitivity, almost all the elements present in small and trace quantities of any material. The method is particularly useful in the determination of non-metals and allows the determination elements in a large range of concentrations (from single % to low ppm levels) in various materials.In Separation, Preconcentration and Spectrophotometry in Inorganic Analysis, much attention has been paid to separation and preconcentration methods, since they play an essential role in increasing the selectivity and sensitivity of spectrophotometric methods. Separation and preconcentration methods have also been utilised in other determination techniques.Spectroph... methods which are widely used for the determination of the elements in a large variety of inorganic materials are presented in the book whilst separation and preconcentration procedures combined with spectrophotometry are also described. This book contains recent advances in spectrophotometry, detailed discussion of the instrumentation, and the techniques and reagents used for spectrophotometric determination of elements in a wide range of materials as well as a detailed discussion of separation and preconcentration procedures that precede the spectrophotometric detection.

  • Amphiphilic Block Copolymers

    Self-Assembly and Applications
    • 1 Edición
    • P. Alexandridis + 1 más
    • Inglés
    It is the belief of the editors of this book that the recognition of block copolymers as being amphiphilic molecules and sharing common features with other well-studied amphiphiles will prove beneficial to both the surfactant and the polymer communities. An aim of this book is to bridge the two communities and cross-fertilise the different fields. To this end, leading researchers in the field of amphiphilic block copolymer self-assembly, some having a background in surfactant chemistry, and others with polymer physics roots, have agreed to join forces and contribute to this book.The book consists of four entities. The first part discusses theoretical considerations behind the block copolymer self-assembly in solution and in the melt. The second part provides case studies of self-assembly in different classes of block copolymers (e.g., polyethers, polyelectrolytes) and in different environments (e.g., in water, in non-aqueous solvents, or in the absence of solvents). The third part presents experimental tools, ranging from static (e.g., small angle neutron scattering) to dynamic (e.g., rheology), which can prove valuable in the characterization of block copolymer self-assemblies. The fourth part offers a sampling of current applications of block copolymers in, e.g., formulations, pharmaceutics, and separations, applications which are based on the unique self-assembly properties of block copolymers.

  • Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry

    Practices and Techniques
    • 1 Edición
    • Howard E. Taylor
    • Inglés
    Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry presents a concise A-Z description of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, written in layman's terms, for use in the solution of trace element analytical chemistry problems. Detailed discussion of sample introduction and data interpretation is provided. Practicing analytical chemists will be able to use this text to familiarize themselves with the principles, approaches, options, pitfalls, and advantages of ICP-MS technology.

  • Micro Mechanical Transducers

    Pressure Sensors, Accelerometers and Gyroscopes
    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 8
    • Min-hang Bao
    • S. Middelhoek
    • Inglés
    Some years ago, silicon-based mechanical sensors, like pressure sensors, accelerometers and gyroscopes, started their successful advance. Every year, hundreds of millions of these devices are sold, mainly for medical and automotive applications. The airbag sensor on which research already started several decades ago at Stanford University can be found in every new car and has saved already numerous lives. Pressure sensors are also used in modern electronic blood pressure equipment. Many other mechanical sensors, mostly invisible to the public, perform useful functions in countless industrial and consumer products. The underlying physics and technology of silicon-based mechanical sensors is rather complex and is treated in numerous publications scattered throughout the literature. Therefore, a clear need existed for a handbook that thoroughly and systematically reviews the present basic knowledge on these devices.After a short introduction, Professor Bao discusses the main issues relevant to silicon-based mechanical sensors. First a thorough treatment of stress and strain in diaphragms and beams is presented. Next, vibration of mechanical structures is illuminated, followed by a chapter on air damping. These basic chapters are then succeeded by chapters in which capacitive and piezoresistive sensing techniques are amply discussed. The book concludes with chapters on commercially available pressure sensors, accelerometers and resonant sensors in which the above principles are applied. Everybody, involved in designing silicon-based mechanical sensors, will find a wealth of useful information in the book, assisting the designer in obtaining highly optimized devices.

  • Physical Chemistry of Polymer Solutions

    Theoretical Background
    • 1 Edición
    • K. Kamide + 1 más
    • Inglés
    This book is mainly concerned with building a narrow but secure ladder which polymer chemists or engineers can climb from the primary level to an advanced level without great difficulty (but by no means easily, either).This book describes some fundamentally important topics, carefully chosen, covering subjects from thermodynamics to molecular weight and its distribution effects. For help in self-education the book adopts a "Questions and Answers" format. The mathematical derivation of each equation is shown in detail. For further reading, some original references are also given. Numerous physical properties of polymer solutions are known to be significantly different from those of low molecular weight solutions. The most probable explanation of this obvious discrepancy is the large molar volume ratio of solute to solvent together with the large number of consecutive segments that constitute each single molecule of the polymer chains present as solute. Thorough understanding of the physical chemistry of polymer solutions requires some prior mathematical background in its students. In the original literature, detailed mathematical derivations of the equations are universally omitted for the sake of space-saving and simplicity. In textbooks of polymer science only extremely rough schemes of the theories and then the final equations are shown. As a consequence, the student cannot learn, unaided, the details of the theory in which he or she is interested from the existing textbooks; however, without a full understanding of the theory, one cannot analyze actual experimental data to obtain more basic and realistic physical quantities. In particular, if one intends to apply the theories in industry, accurate understanding and ability to modify the theory are essential.

  • Separation Methods in Drug Synthesis and Purification

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 1
    • Klara Valko
    • Inglés

  • The Handbook of Organic Compounds, Three-Volume Set

    NIR, IR, R, and UV-Vis Spectra Featuring Polymers and Surfactants
    • 1 Edición
    • Jerry Workman Jr.
    • Inglés
    The Handbook of Organic Compounds: NIR, IR, Raman, and UV-Vis Spectra Featuring Polymers and Surfactants represents a compendium of practical spectroscopic methodology, comprehensive reviews, and basic information for organic materials, surfactants, and polymer spectra covering the Ultraviolet, Visible, Near Infrared, Infrared, Raman and Dielectric measurement techniques. This set represents a complementary organic compound handbook to the Nyquist inorganic handbook, published in 1996. This set comprises the first comprehensive multi-volume handbook to provide basic coverage for UV-Vis, 4th overtone NIR, 3rd overtone NIR, NIR, Infrared, Raman spectra, and Dielectric data for common organic compounds, polymers, surfactants, contaminants, and inorganic materials commonly encountered in the laboratory. The text includes a description and reviews of interpretive and chemometric techniques used for spectral data analysis. The spectra included within the atlas are useful for identification purposes as well as pedagogical for the instruction of the various interpretive and data processing methods discussed. This work is designed to be of help to students and vibrational spectroscopists in their efforts of daily spectral interpretation and data processing of organic spectra, polymers, and surfactants. All spectra are presented in wavenumber and transmittance, with the addition of ultraviolet, visible, 4th overtone NIR, 3rd overtone NIR, and NIR spectra also represented in nanometers and absorbance space. In addition, some Horizontal infrared ATR spectra are presented in wavenumber and absorbance space. All spectra are shown with essential peaks labeled in their respective units. The material in this handbook was contributed to by several individuals, and comments were received from a variety of prominent workers in the field of molecular spectroscopy. This type of handbookproject is a daunting task. This Handbook can provide a valuable reference for the daily activities of students and professionals working in modern molecular spectroscopy laboratories.

  • Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry

    • 2 Edición
    • Alan R. Katritzky + 4 más
    • Inglés
    Heterocyclic chemistry is the largest of the classical divisions of organic chemistry. Heterocyclic compounds are widely distributed in Nature, playing a vital role in the metabolism of living cells. Their practical applications range from extensive clinical use to fields as diverse as agriculture, photography, biocide formulation and polymer science. The range of known compounds is enormous, encompassing the whole spectrum of physical, chemical and biological properties. This book provides a balanced, concise and informative account of heterocyclic chemistry that will be suitable for graduate or advanced undergraduate students and a convenient reference book for research workers, for both specialists int he field and those whose expertise lies in other areas but who nevertheless need information on heterocylic chemistry. The Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry is illustrated throughout with thousands of clearly drawn chemical structures. The highly systematic coverage given to the subject makes this the most authoritative one-volume account of modern heterocyclic chemistry available.

  • Radioactivity in the Environment

    Physicochemical aspects and applications
    • 1 Edición
    • Vlado Valkovic
    • Inglés
    Numerous sources of ionizing radiation can lead to human exposure: natural sources, nuclear explosions, nuclear power generation, use of radiation in medical, industrial and research purposes, and radiation emitting consumer products. Before assessing the radiation dose to a population one requires a precise knowledge of the activity of a number of radionuclides. The basis for the assessment of the dose to a population from a release of radioactivity to the environment, the estimation of the potential clinical heath effects due to the dose received and, ultimately, the implementation of countermeasures to protect the population, is the measurement of radioactive contamination in the environment after the release.It is the purpose of this book to present the facts about the presence of radionuclides in the environment, natural and man made. There is no aspect of radioactivity, which has marked the passing century, not mentioned or discussed in this book.

  • Non-Linear Mass Transfer and Hydrodynamic Stability

    • 1 Edición
    • C.B. Boyadjiev + 1 más
    • Inglés
    Surveyed in this book are the kinetics of non-linear mass transfer and its effects on hydrodynamic stability in systems with intensive interphase mass transfer, in electrochemical systems with high current density and in chemically reacting systems.In Part 1 the non-linear mass transfer as a result of an intensive interphase mass transfer in the gas (liquid)-solid surface, gas-liquid and liquid-liquid systems is considered in the duffusion boundary layer approximation as well as in flat channel taking the longitudinal diffusion into account. The influence of the direction of the intensive interphase mass transfer on heat transfer and multi-component mass transfer is illustrated.Part 2 discusses non-linear mass transfer in electrochemical systems with high current density using the examples of the anode dissolving of metals in the electrolyte flow and the electro-separation of metals out of concentrated solutions. The theory of the measured electrochemical treatment of metals and alloys, which is a method of wide practical use, has been elaborated on this basis.In Part 3 the non-linear mass transfer in chemically reacting systems is considered in the cases of: non-linearity of the equations of the chemical reaction's kinetics and intensive interphase mass transfer or thermo-capillary effect due to chemical reactions. On this basis, the mechanisms and the macro-kinetics of the chemical transformations in the gas-liquid systems are discussed.Part 4 is dedicated to the chemical reaction kinetics in stationary two phase systems at an arbitrary contact time between phases.In Part 5 the effects of concentration gradients are considered in the approximations of the linear theory of the hydrodynamic stability of almost parallel flows.In systems with intensive interphase mass transfer, the Marangoni effect could also be observed, beside the effect of non-linear mass transfer. A comparative analysis of both effects is made in this book.

  • Population Balances

    Theory and Applications to Particulate Systems in Engineering
    • 1 Edición
    • Doraiswami Ramkrishna
    • Inglés
    Engineers encounter particles in a variety of systems. The particles are either naturally present or engineered into these systems. In either case these particles often significantly affect the behavior of such systems. This book provides a framework for analyzing these dispersed phase systems and describes how to synthesize the behavior of the population particles and their environment from the behavior of single particles in their local environments. Population balances are of key relevance to a very diverse group of scientists, including astrophysicists, high-energy physicists, geophysicists, colloid chemists, biophysicists, materials scientists, chemical engineers, and meteorologists. Chemical engineers have put population balances to most use, with applications in the areas of crystallization; gas-liquid, liquid-liquid, and solid-liquid dispersions; liquid membrane systems; fluidized bed reactors; aerosol reactors; and microbial cultures. Ramkrishna provides a clear and general treatment of population balances with emphasis on their wide range of applicability. New insight into population balance models incorporating random particle growth, dynamic morphological structure, and complex multivariate formulations with a clear exposition of their mathematical derivation is presented. Population Balances provides the only available treatment of the solution of inverse problems essential for identification of population balance models for breakage and aggregation processes, particle nucleation, growth processes, and more. This book is especially useful for process engineers interested in the simulation and control of particulate systems. Additionally, comprehensive treatment of the stochastic formulation of small systems provides for the modeling of stochastic systems with promising new areas of applications such as the design of sterilization systems and radiation treatment of cancerous tumors.

  • Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 77
    • Inglés
    Established in 1960, Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry is the definitive serial in the area--one of great importance to organic chemists, polymer chemists, and many biological scientists. Written by established authorities in the field, the comprehensive reviews combine descriptive chemistry and mechanistic insight and yield an understanding of how the chemistry drives the properties.

  • The Effective Crystal Field Potential

    • 1 Edición
    • J. Mulak + 1 más
    • Inglés
    As it results from the very nature of things, the spherical symmetry of the surrounding of a site in a crystal lattice or an atom in a molecule can never occur. Therefore, the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of any bound ion or atom have to differ from those of spherically symmetric respective free ions. In this way, the most simplified concept of the crystal field effect or ligand field effect in the case of individual molecules can be introduced.The conventional notion of the crystal field potential is narrowed to its non-spherical part only through ignoring the dominating spherical part which produces only a uniform energy shift of gravity centres of the free ion terms. It is well understood that the non-spherical part of the effective potential "seen" by open-shell electrons localized on a metal ion plays an essential role in most observed properties. Light adsorption, electron paramagnetic resonance, inelastic neutron scattering and basic characteristics derived from magnetic and thermal measurements, are only examples of a much wider class of experimental results dependent on it. The influence is discerned in all kinds of materials containing unpaired localized electrons: ionic crystals, semiconductors and metallic compounds including materials as intriguing as high-Tc superconductors, or heavy fermion systems. It is evident from the above that we deal with a widespread effect relative to all free ion terms except those which can stand the lowered symmetry, e.g. S-terms.Despite the universality of the phenomenon, the available handbooks on solid state physics pay only marginal attention to it, merely making mention of its occurrence. Present understanding of the origins of the crystal field potential differs essentially from the pioneering electrostatic picture postulated in the twenties. The considerable development of the theory that has been put forward since then can be traced in many regular articles scattered throughout the literature. The last two decades have left their impression as well but, to the authors' best knowledge, this period has not been closed with a more extended review. This has also motivated us to compile the main achievements in the field in the form of a book.

  • Chemical Thermodynamics: Advanced Applications

    Advanced Applications
    • 1 Edición
    • J. Bevan Ott + 1 más
    • Inglés
    This book is an excellent companion to Chemical Thermodynamics: Principles and Applications. Together they make a complete reference set for the practicing scientist. This volume extends the range of topics and applications to ones that are not usually covered in a beginning thermodynamics text. In a sense, the book covers a "middle ground" between the basic principles developed in a beginning thermodynamics textbook, and the very specialized applications that are a part of an ongoing research project. As such, it could prove invaluable to the practicing scientist who needs to apply thermodynamic relationships to aid in the understanding of the chemical process under consideration. The writing style in this volume remains informal, but more technical than in Principles and Applications. It starts with Chapter 11, whichsummarizes the thermodynamic relationships developed in this earlier volume. For those who want or need more detail, references are given tothe sections in Principles and Applications where one could go to learn more about the development, limitations, and conditions where these equations apply. This is the only place where Advanced Applications ties back to the previous volume. Chapter 11 can serve as a review of the fundamental thermodynamic equations that are necessary for the more sophisticated applications described in the remainder of this book. This may be all that is necessary for the practicing scientist who has been away from the field for some time and needs some review. The remainder of this book applies thermodynamics to the description of a variety of problems. The topics covered are those that are probably of the most fundamental and broadest interest. Throughout the book, examples of "real" systems are used as much as possible. This is in contrast to many books where "generic" examples are used almost exclusively. A complete set of references to all sources of data and to supplementary reading sources is included. Problems are given at the end of each chapter. This makes the book ideally suited for use as a textbook in an advanced topics course in chemical thermodynamics.

  • Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 28
    • Inglés
    Even at the beginning of the new millenium the rare earths still remain, to a certain extent, a mystery. The chapters in this volume will help to unravel some of these. In the filling of the 4f electronic orbitals the lanthanides defy the elementary aufbau principle that underlies the periodic sequence of the elements, and the authors of the first chapter introduce the readers to the basic physics of the orbital collapse leading to that failure. Furthermore an explanation is offered in terms of double-well potentials. The phenomenon is illustrated using the valence transitions observed in some of the rare earth atoms, including Sm group metals and the higher oxides of cerium, praseodymium and terbium. In the second chapter the synthesis and structure of the many types of rare earth halides are described. They have been described as simple, complex, binary, ternary and multinuclear complex, and other categories needed to deal with the most studied of the rare earth compounds. The structure types are skillfully illustrated to show the elementary architecture of each type.In chapter three the authors discuss the science and applications of rare earth super ionic conductors as solid electrolytes. Conduction by oxygen and fluorine anions as well as hydrogen and other cations associated with these electrolytes is emphasized. They deal with extrinsic and intrinsic types together with their associated structures and structural types including structural defects. The chapter concludes with an outline of the many applications of solid electrolytes.Chapter four introduces the reader to the principles that underlie thermoluminescence and its application to dosimetry and provides detailed information on the R-activated phosphors that support dosimetry. This is a selective review of detailed literature based on the areas making most progress.The final chapter elaborates on the data gained by the studies and interpretation around the analytical separation of the individual rare earth elements utilizing chromatographic techniques. The authors describe the fundamental chemistry that underpins contemporary analytical separation techniques for lanthanide separation and analysis. This is done after a description of the rich assortment of separation methods in use has been introduced.

  • Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook

    An Expert Guide to the Practical Operation, Design, and Optimization of FCC Units
    • 2 Edición
    • Reza Sadeghbeigi
    • Inglés
    This thoroughly updated edition of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Handbook provides practical information on the design, operation, troubleshooting, and optimization of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) facilities. Based on the author's years of field experience, this expanded, second edition covers the latest technologies to improve the profitability and reliability of the FCC units, and provides several "no-to-low-cost" practical recommendations. A new chapter supplies valuable recommendations for debottlenecking and optimizing the performance of cat cracker operations.

  • Identification and Determination of Impurities in Drugs

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 4
    • S. Görög
    • Inglés
    Impurity profiling is the common name of a group of analytical activities, the aim of which is the detection, identification/struc... elucidation and quantitative determination of organic and inorganic impurities, as well as residual solvents in bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations. Since this is the best way to characterise the quality and stability of bulk drugs and pharmaceutical formulations, this is the core activity in modern drug analysis.Due to the very rapid development of the analytical methodologies available for this purpose and the similarly rapid increase of the demands as regards the purity of drugs it is an important task to give a summary of the problems and the various possibilities offered by modern analytical chemistry for their solution. That is the aim of this book.The book is methodology-oriented... In the first chapter some important aspects of the background of impurity-related analytical studies (toxicological, pharmacopoeial aspects, the characterisation of the sources of impurities and the role of impurity profiling in various fields of drug research, production and therapeutic use) are summarised. Chapter two deals with related organic impurities, the strategies for impurity profiling, the use of chromatographic and related separation methods, spectroscopic, and hyphenated techniques. The subject of the third chapter is the identification and determination of residual solvents. The determination of inorganic impurities is discussed in chapter four. The special problems of degradation products as impurities are dealt with in chapter five. A separate chapter has been compiled to deal with one of the most up-to-date problems in contemporary pharmaceutical analysis, the estimation of enantiomeric purity of chiral drugs. Chapter seven is devoted to various approaches to solve the problem of polymorphic modifications as impurities. Since in the broader sense of the word the microbiological purity of drugs and drug products also belongs to this circle, the most important information from this field is summarised in chapter eight. After the mainly methodology-oriented chapters, the final one concentrates on four groups of drugs (peptides, biotechnological products, antibiotics and steroids) in order to demonstrate the use of the methods described earlier.

  • Advanced Inorganic Fluorides: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications

    • 1 Edición
    • T. Nakajima + 2 más
    • Inglés
    This book summarizes recent progresses in inorganic fluorine chemistry. Highlights include new aspects of inorganic fluorine chemistry, such as new synthetic methods, structures of new fluorides and oxide fluorides, their physical and chemical properties, fluoride catalysts, surface modifications of inorganic materials by fluorination process, new energy conversion materials and industrial applications. Fluorine has quite unique properties (highest electronegativity; very small polarizability). In fact, fluorine is so reactive that it forms fluorides with all elements except with the lightest noble gases helium, neon and argon. Originally, due to its high reactivity, fluoride chemistry faced many technical difficulties and remained undeveloped for many years. Now, however, a large number of fluorine-containing materials are currently produced for practical uses on an industrial scale and their applications are rapidly extending to many fields. Syntheses and structure analyses of thermodynamically unstable high-oxidation-state fluorides have greatly contributed to inorganic chemistry in this decade. Fluoride catalysts and surface modifications using fluorine are developing a new field of fluorine chemistry and will enable new syntheses of various compounds. The research on inorganic fluorides is now contributing to many chemical energy conversion processes such as lithium batteries. Furthermore, new theoretical approaches to determining the electronic structures of fluorine compounds are also progressing. On the industrial front, the use of inorganic fluorine compounds is constantly increasing, for example, in semi-conductor industry. "Advanced Inorganic Fluorides: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications" focuses on these new features in inorganic fluorine chemistry and its industrial applications. The authors are outstanding experts in their fields, and the contents of the book should prove to be of valuable assistance to all chemists, graduates, students and researchers in the field of fluorine chemistry.

  • Wavelets in Chemistry

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 22
    • Beata Walczak
    • Inglés
    Wavelets seem to be the most efficient tool in signal denoising and compression. They can be used in an unlimited number of applications in all fields of chemistry where the instrumental signals are the source of information about the studied chemical systems or phenomena, and in all cases where these signals have to be archived. The quality of the instrumental signals determines the quality of answer to the basic analytical questions: how many components are in the studied systems, what are these components like and what are their concentrations? Efficient compression of the signal sets can drastically speed up further processing such as data visualization, modelling (calibration and pattern recognition) and library search. Exploration of the possible applications of wavelets in analytical chemistry has just started and this book will significantly speed up the process.The first part, concentrating on theoretical aspects, is written in a tutorial-like manner, with simple numerical examples. For the reader's convenience, all basic terms are explained in detail and all unique properties of wavelets are pinpointed and compared with the other types of basis function. The second part presents applications of wavelets from many branches of chemistry which will stimulate chemists to further exploration of this exciting subject.

  • Main Chemistry Group

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 50
    • Inglés
    Advances in Inorganic Chemistry presents timely and informative summaries of the current progress in a variety of subject areas within inorganic chemistry, ranging from bioinorganic to solid state. This acclaimed serial features reviews written by experts in the area and is an indispensable reference to advanced researchers. Each volume of Advances in Inorganic Chemistry contains an index, and each chapter is fully referenced.

  • Analysis of Neuropeptides by Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 6
    • D.M. Desiderio
    • Inglés

  • Hazardous Metals in Human Toxicology

    • 1 Edición
    • Volumen 4B
    • A. Vercruysse
    • Inglés

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